Stimulation of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Decreases
... was 23.6 ⫾ 7.3 msec. Latencies were bimodally distributed with peaks at 15 and 30 msec, in agreement with a previous observation in the rabbit (Pascoe and Kapp, 1985). A similar antidromic response latency of 20.9 ⫾ 1.5 msec was observed for BL neurons after stimulation of mPFC. As the electrode des ...
... was 23.6 ⫾ 7.3 msec. Latencies were bimodally distributed with peaks at 15 and 30 msec, in agreement with a previous observation in the rabbit (Pascoe and Kapp, 1985). A similar antidromic response latency of 20.9 ⫾ 1.5 msec was observed for BL neurons after stimulation of mPFC. As the electrode des ...
Interactions Between Premotor and Motor Cortices in Non
... of skilled prehension and manipulation of objects is characteristic of the human motor system and its engagement in creative activities such as art, sculpture and music making as well as in technological development, tool use and manufacture. The highly-cited review by Jeannerod and his colleagues ( ...
... of skilled prehension and manipulation of objects is characteristic of the human motor system and its engagement in creative activities such as art, sculpture and music making as well as in technological development, tool use and manufacture. The highly-cited review by Jeannerod and his colleagues ( ...
Bio_246_files/Clinical Considerations of the Nervous System
... formation travel down reticulospinal tract to dorsal horn • secrete inhibitory substances (enkephalins and serotonin) – block pain fibers from secreting substance P » pain signals never ascend » Opioids such as morphine also block receptors for pain transmission within the brain and spinal cord. » C ...
... formation travel down reticulospinal tract to dorsal horn • secrete inhibitory substances (enkephalins and serotonin) – block pain fibers from secreting substance P » pain signals never ascend » Opioids such as morphine also block receptors for pain transmission within the brain and spinal cord. » C ...
14. Development and Plasticity
... biological nervous systems such as (B) Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, which have strong input from climbing fibers through many hundreds or thousands of synapses. In contrast, the model as shown in (C) that utilizes specific input to a presynaptic terminal as is known to exist in invertebrate sys ...
... biological nervous systems such as (B) Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, which have strong input from climbing fibers through many hundreds or thousands of synapses. In contrast, the model as shown in (C) that utilizes specific input to a presynaptic terminal as is known to exist in invertebrate sys ...
14. Development and Plasticity
... biological nervous systems such as (B) Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, which have strong input from climbing fibers through many hundreds or thousands of synapses. In contrast, the model as shown in (C) that utilizes specific input to a presynaptic terminal as is known to exist in invertebrate sys ...
... biological nervous systems such as (B) Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, which have strong input from climbing fibers through many hundreds or thousands of synapses. In contrast, the model as shown in (C) that utilizes specific input to a presynaptic terminal as is known to exist in invertebrate sys ...
Current advances and pressing problems in studies of stopping
... caution because STN connectivity differs between rodents and primates [51]. (2) Numerous studies identify rIFC with functions other than response inhibition [52]. In particular during the stop-signal task, activation of rIFC may be caused by cognitive functions such as attentional capture [16!,53] ( ...
... caution because STN connectivity differs between rodents and primates [51]. (2) Numerous studies identify rIFC with functions other than response inhibition [52]. In particular during the stop-signal task, activation of rIFC may be caused by cognitive functions such as attentional capture [16!,53] ( ...
Nerve Tissue
... is rewarded for his discovery that dopamine is a brain transmitter of great importance for our ability to control movements that has led to the realization that Parkinson's disease is caused by a lack of dopamine in certain parts of the brain. Paul Greengard, Greengard Laboratory of Molecular and Ce ...
... is rewarded for his discovery that dopamine is a brain transmitter of great importance for our ability to control movements that has led to the realization that Parkinson's disease is caused by a lack of dopamine in certain parts of the brain. Paul Greengard, Greengard Laboratory of Molecular and Ce ...
Slide
... Organization of inputs from the M5 (yellow) and M50 (pink) odorant receptors in the olfactory epithelium, bulb, and cortex. Black lines and abbreviations indicate different areas of the olfactory cortex. AON: anterior olfactory nucleus; PC: piriform cortex; OT: olfactory tubercle; Amg: olfactory nuc ...
... Organization of inputs from the M5 (yellow) and M50 (pink) odorant receptors in the olfactory epithelium, bulb, and cortex. Black lines and abbreviations indicate different areas of the olfactory cortex. AON: anterior olfactory nucleus; PC: piriform cortex; OT: olfactory tubercle; Amg: olfactory nuc ...
Why Neurons Cannot be Detectors: Shifting Paradigms from Sherlock Holmes... Elvis Presley? Nancy A. Salay ()
... generally context-free way, e.g. being an atom with one proton in its nucleus. What it is to be an instance of a strongly collective concept, on the other hand, will depend mostly upon the system-level, relational, properties its instances have. For example, the concept worker ant lies closer to the ...
... generally context-free way, e.g. being an atom with one proton in its nucleus. What it is to be an instance of a strongly collective concept, on the other hand, will depend mostly upon the system-level, relational, properties its instances have. For example, the concept worker ant lies closer to the ...
Cerebellum
... afferents to the pontine nuclei arise in the cerebral cortex (M1, S1, SMA, PM and areas 5, 7 of the parietal cortex). All of these areas are, in various ways, active during or before movements. Presumably, the cerebellum thus receives information about movements that are being planned and about the ...
... afferents to the pontine nuclei arise in the cerebral cortex (M1, S1, SMA, PM and areas 5, 7 of the parietal cortex). All of these areas are, in various ways, active during or before movements. Presumably, the cerebellum thus receives information about movements that are being planned and about the ...
Membrane Properties Underlying the Firing of Neurons in the Avian
... potential, the arrival rate is at least equal to the neuron’s discharge rate. Moreover, because an NM neuron is innervated by 2-3 VIIIth nerve afferents (Hackett et al., 1982; Jackson and Parks, 1982) and because each fiber can discharge at a maximum sustained rate of approximately 400 Hz (Manley et ...
... potential, the arrival rate is at least equal to the neuron’s discharge rate. Moreover, because an NM neuron is innervated by 2-3 VIIIth nerve afferents (Hackett et al., 1982; Jackson and Parks, 1982) and because each fiber can discharge at a maximum sustained rate of approximately 400 Hz (Manley et ...
Morphology of GABAergic Neurons in the Inferior Colliculus of the Cat
... almost every type of neuron elaborates a local axon collateral (Oliver et al., '91). Local axons terminate near the cell of origin and in a symmetric position in the opposite IC (Saldaba and Merchan, '92). Some local axons are surprisingly extensive and could provide a structural substrate for feed ...
... almost every type of neuron elaborates a local axon collateral (Oliver et al., '91). Local axons terminate near the cell of origin and in a symmetric position in the opposite IC (Saldaba and Merchan, '92). Some local axons are surprisingly extensive and could provide a structural substrate for feed ...
resource - Fujisawa lab
... Cell type–specific expression of optogenetic molecules allows temporally precise manipulation of targeted neuronal activity. Here we present a toolbox of four knock-in mouse lines engineered for strong, Cre-dependent expression of channelrhodopsins ChR2-tdTomato and ChR2-EYFP, halorhodopsin eNpHR3.0 ...
... Cell type–specific expression of optogenetic molecules allows temporally precise manipulation of targeted neuronal activity. Here we present a toolbox of four knock-in mouse lines engineered for strong, Cre-dependent expression of channelrhodopsins ChR2-tdTomato and ChR2-EYFP, halorhodopsin eNpHR3.0 ...
Chapter 23 - Anatomy Freaks
... inspiration. They also receive input from pontine group and stretch receptors in lungs. Inhibitory neurons activated and relaxation of respiratory muscles results in expiration. – Note: although the medullary neurons establish the basic rate & depth of breathing, their activities can be influenced b ...
... inspiration. They also receive input from pontine group and stretch receptors in lungs. Inhibitory neurons activated and relaxation of respiratory muscles results in expiration. – Note: although the medullary neurons establish the basic rate & depth of breathing, their activities can be influenced b ...
The Receptive Fields of Inferior Temporal Cortex Neurons in Natural
... This resulted in a large number of firing rate measurements, each of which was at a given distance from the effective visual stimulus for the cell. [The distance from the target object (S⫹) and the distractor object (S⫺) is plotted in Figure 2. It is clear when the monkey found the target, because a ...
... This resulted in a large number of firing rate measurements, each of which was at a given distance from the effective visual stimulus for the cell. [The distance from the target object (S⫹) and the distractor object (S⫺) is plotted in Figure 2. It is clear when the monkey found the target, because a ...
Excitatory Cerebellar Nucleocortical Circuit Provides Internal
... et al., 1999; Mostofi et al., 2010), we observed that nucleocortical MFs of these animals were found predominantly in regions negative for Zebrin II, including the trough of the lobule simplex (Figures 3A–3C). More specifically, we observed that 90.5% (±3.3%), 88.5% (±6.2%), and 93.7% (±2.8%) of the ...
... et al., 1999; Mostofi et al., 2010), we observed that nucleocortical MFs of these animals were found predominantly in regions negative for Zebrin II, including the trough of the lobule simplex (Figures 3A–3C). More specifically, we observed that 90.5% (±3.3%), 88.5% (±6.2%), and 93.7% (±2.8%) of the ...
49 BIOLOGY Nervous Systems CAMPBELL
... hippocampus The hippocampus also plays a role in forming longterm memory, which is later stored in the cerebral cortex Some consolidation of memory is thought to occur during sleep © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... hippocampus The hippocampus also plays a role in forming longterm memory, which is later stored in the cerebral cortex Some consolidation of memory is thought to occur during sleep © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... • Function of the Cerebellum in Overall Motor Control a. Vestibulocerebellum functions in association with the brain stem and spinal cord to control equilibrium and postural movements b. Spinocrebellum-feedback control of distal limb movements 1. Prevention of overshooting of movements and to “damp” ...
... • Function of the Cerebellum in Overall Motor Control a. Vestibulocerebellum functions in association with the brain stem and spinal cord to control equilibrium and postural movements b. Spinocrebellum-feedback control of distal limb movements 1. Prevention of overshooting of movements and to “damp” ...
The comparative electrobiology of gelatinous
... The degree of coupling within this population is extremely strong. In adjacent or closely separated neurons, the pattern of activity, even the form and number of synaptic potentials, is identical, and even those at diametrically opposite positions in the margin, undergo very similar changes in resti ...
... The degree of coupling within this population is extremely strong. In adjacent or closely separated neurons, the pattern of activity, even the form and number of synaptic potentials, is identical, and even those at diametrically opposite positions in the margin, undergo very similar changes in resti ...
Denes et al. 2007 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
... tissue that comprises distinct agglomerations of functionally specialized neurons (nuclei) interconnected * Author for correspondence ([email protected]). One contribution of 17 to a Discussion Meeting Issue ‘Evolution of the animals: a Linnean tercentenary celebration’. ...
... tissue that comprises distinct agglomerations of functionally specialized neurons (nuclei) interconnected * Author for correspondence ([email protected]). One contribution of 17 to a Discussion Meeting Issue ‘Evolution of the animals: a Linnean tercentenary celebration’. ...
Animal Physiology, Chapter 10
... – Innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands – Make adjustments to ensure optimal support ...
... – Innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands – Make adjustments to ensure optimal support ...
Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex
... L2/3 neurons also participate in learning-related plasticity. Synapses from the somatosensory cortex to L2/3 neurons are critical for learning new motor skills13 and support long-term potentiation14. Learning causes plasticity in networks of L2/3 cells5,15. L2/3 neurons are thus poised to organize l ...
... L2/3 neurons also participate in learning-related plasticity. Synapses from the somatosensory cortex to L2/3 neurons are critical for learning new motor skills13 and support long-term potentiation14. Learning causes plasticity in networks of L2/3 cells5,15. L2/3 neurons are thus poised to organize l ...
Neural basis of learning and memory
... occurs and multiple neurons interconnect to form neural pathways. At the level of the synapse, neural plasticity is commonly called synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity refers to the ability of the synapse to change over time. For example, change may occur through growth or formation of new syna ...
... occurs and multiple neurons interconnect to form neural pathways. At the level of the synapse, neural plasticity is commonly called synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity refers to the ability of the synapse to change over time. For example, change may occur through growth or formation of new syna ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.