Visual pathway class..
... • We do not have a descriptive or mechanistic model that predicts response properties of downstream visual areas, or behavior. • A descriptive model would vastly transform technology: the primate visual system is far superior to anything that engineers can build. • A mechanistic model is the ultimat ...
... • We do not have a descriptive or mechanistic model that predicts response properties of downstream visual areas, or behavior. • A descriptive model would vastly transform technology: the primate visual system is far superior to anything that engineers can build. • A mechanistic model is the ultimat ...
Small Networks
... • “Noise…poses a fundamental problem for information processing and affects all aspects of nervous-system function.” (Faisal et al, 2008) • In the context of the “neural code”… – For rate code: “variations in inter-spike intervals might be considered unwanted noise.” – For temporal code: “variabilit ...
... • “Noise…poses a fundamental problem for information processing and affects all aspects of nervous-system function.” (Faisal et al, 2008) • In the context of the “neural code”… – For rate code: “variations in inter-spike intervals might be considered unwanted noise.” – For temporal code: “variabilit ...
Embodied Cognition and Mirror Neurons
... An overlap between brain areas active in two different tasks does not imply an overlap between the neural mechanisms involved in performing those tasks. Several neural populations coexist in a single brain area, and the results cannot rule out that the observed overlap derives from the activity of t ...
... An overlap between brain areas active in two different tasks does not imply an overlap between the neural mechanisms involved in performing those tasks. Several neural populations coexist in a single brain area, and the results cannot rule out that the observed overlap derives from the activity of t ...
The evolution of nervous system centralization
... tissue that comprises distinct agglomerations of functionally specialized neurons (nuclei) interconnected * Author for correspondence ([email protected]). One contribution of 17 to a Discussion Meeting Issue ‘Evolution of the animals: a Linnean tercentenary celebration’. ...
... tissue that comprises distinct agglomerations of functionally specialized neurons (nuclei) interconnected * Author for correspondence ([email protected]). One contribution of 17 to a Discussion Meeting Issue ‘Evolution of the animals: a Linnean tercentenary celebration’. ...
Manual for the mind - Hardware
... Wernicke’s Area through the Temporal, Parietal and Frontal Lobes. Allows for coordinated, comprehensible speech. Damage may result in: - Conduction Aphasia - Where auditory comprehension and speech articulation are preserved, but people find it difficult to repeat heard speech. ...
... Wernicke’s Area through the Temporal, Parietal and Frontal Lobes. Allows for coordinated, comprehensible speech. Damage may result in: - Conduction Aphasia - Where auditory comprehension and speech articulation are preserved, but people find it difficult to repeat heard speech. ...
Review of Thoracic and Abdominal Autonomics
... from the T1-T4 chain ganglia—some pass through cervical ganglia on their way to the heart. It may seem odd that some of the pathways to the heart start in the thoracic spinal cord, run all the way up to the superior cervical ganglion, synapse, and then descend again into the thorax. This is a holdov ...
... from the T1-T4 chain ganglia—some pass through cervical ganglia on their way to the heart. It may seem odd that some of the pathways to the heart start in the thoracic spinal cord, run all the way up to the superior cervical ganglion, synapse, and then descend again into the thorax. This is a holdov ...
Document
... memory / learning memory consolidation increased nt release facilitation at synapses additional synaptic connections create anatomical changes in circuits 1 circuit/1 memory = memory engram ...
... memory / learning memory consolidation increased nt release facilitation at synapses additional synaptic connections create anatomical changes in circuits 1 circuit/1 memory = memory engram ...
Predictability Modulates Human Brain Response to Reward
... parisons). These maps were overlaid on a high-resolution structural image in M N I orientation. T heoretical model. As a tool for both designing and interpreting the fMRI experiment, we used an existing neural network model of dopamine release to simulate the brain response to different temporal pat ...
... parisons). These maps were overlaid on a high-resolution structural image in M N I orientation. T heoretical model. As a tool for both designing and interpreting the fMRI experiment, we used an existing neural network model of dopamine release to simulate the brain response to different temporal pat ...
Columnar Organization of Dendrites and Axons of Single and
... boutons per unit axonal length was also highest there. Electron microscopy combined with GABA postimmunogold labeling revealed that most (⬎90%) of the synaptic contacts were established on dendritic spines and shafts of excitatory neurons in layers 4 and 2/3. The largely columnar organization of den ...
... boutons per unit axonal length was also highest there. Electron microscopy combined with GABA postimmunogold labeling revealed that most (⬎90%) of the synaptic contacts were established on dendritic spines and shafts of excitatory neurons in layers 4 and 2/3. The largely columnar organization of den ...
Optimal Sizes of Dendritic and Axonal Arbors
... 3.2 Other factors affecting arbor sizes One may argue that dendrites and axons have functions other than linking cell bodies to synapses and, therefore, the size of the arbors may be dictated by other considerations. Although I can not rule out this possibility, the primary function ofaxons and dend ...
... 3.2 Other factors affecting arbor sizes One may argue that dendrites and axons have functions other than linking cell bodies to synapses and, therefore, the size of the arbors may be dictated by other considerations. Although I can not rule out this possibility, the primary function ofaxons and dend ...
Chapter 10 - biologicalpsych.com
... shivering, fluffing, moving to heat. Heat radiation is a function of surface area. ...
... shivering, fluffing, moving to heat. Heat radiation is a function of surface area. ...
Here
... thoughts is a scientific milestone. It was reached, in large part, through the brain gate system. This system has become a boon to the paralyzed. Brain Gate is a brain implant system developed by the bio-tech company Cyber kinetics in 2003 in conjunction with the Department of Neuroscience at Brown ...
... thoughts is a scientific milestone. It was reached, in large part, through the brain gate system. This system has become a boon to the paralyzed. Brain Gate is a brain implant system developed by the bio-tech company Cyber kinetics in 2003 in conjunction with the Department of Neuroscience at Brown ...
Retinal target cells of the centrifugal projection from the isthmo
... cells, even though recent studies reporting many types of axon-bearing amacrine cells have expanded the definition of amacrine cells (Dacey, 1989; Sterling, 1998; Volgyi et al., 2001). Dendrites of neurons are generally sites for integration of input from more than one source. On the other hand, the ...
... cells, even though recent studies reporting many types of axon-bearing amacrine cells have expanded the definition of amacrine cells (Dacey, 1989; Sterling, 1998; Volgyi et al., 2001). Dendrites of neurons are generally sites for integration of input from more than one source. On the other hand, the ...
Neural Correlates Underlying Action-intention and Aim-intention Mauro Adenzato () Cristina Becchio
... expression here being "I intend to do X", while intending in the we-mode means intending as a group member, the relevant intention-expression here being "we together intend to do X" (where X can be done together or separately by us). ...
... expression here being "I intend to do X", while intending in the we-mode means intending as a group member, the relevant intention-expression here being "we together intend to do X" (where X can be done together or separately by us). ...
Rewardguided learning beyond dopamine in the nucleus
... reward, monkeys were trained to associate a stimulus with the delivery of juice (Waelti et al., 2001) and subsequently respond to the stimulus with a CR – anticipatory licking. The monkey’s licking could be goaldirected, because it believes it is necessary to obtain juice. Alternatively, licking can ...
... reward, monkeys were trained to associate a stimulus with the delivery of juice (Waelti et al., 2001) and subsequently respond to the stimulus with a CR – anticipatory licking. The monkey’s licking could be goaldirected, because it believes it is necessary to obtain juice. Alternatively, licking can ...
How Do Short-Term Changes at Synapses Fine
... It is also clear that there is still considerable variability in plasticity even within a uniform population of synapses made by one cell type onto another. Xu-Friedman and colleagues have investigated this issue in depth at synapses made by auditory nerve fibers onto bushy cells in the anteroventra ...
... It is also clear that there is still considerable variability in plasticity even within a uniform population of synapses made by one cell type onto another. Xu-Friedman and colleagues have investigated this issue in depth at synapses made by auditory nerve fibers onto bushy cells in the anteroventra ...
Behavioral flexibility is increased by optogenetic inhibition of
... important role in behavioral flexibility, representing learned stimulus – reward associations in neural activity during response selection and learning from results. To investigate the role of nucleus accumbens neural activity in behavioral flexibility, we used light-activated halorhodopsin to inhib ...
... important role in behavioral flexibility, representing learned stimulus – reward associations in neural activity during response selection and learning from results. To investigate the role of nucleus accumbens neural activity in behavioral flexibility, we used light-activated halorhodopsin to inhib ...
Volitional enhancement of firing synchrony and oscillation
... recorded around the conditioned neurons (Fig. 2). The authors concluded that only the operant-conditioned neurons possessing significantly increased firing rates take the lead as “master neurons”, that exhibit most prominent volitionally driven modulations in a small neural network. Such on-going pr ...
... recorded around the conditioned neurons (Fig. 2). The authors concluded that only the operant-conditioned neurons possessing significantly increased firing rates take the lead as “master neurons”, that exhibit most prominent volitionally driven modulations in a small neural network. Such on-going pr ...
Smell and Taste
... There are three types of papillae, which are distributed on the tongue as shown in (b). The taste buds found in each type of papillae show slightly different sensitivities to the four basic tastes, as mapped out in the graph at the top. Thus, sensitivity to the primary tastes varies across the tongu ...
... There are three types of papillae, which are distributed on the tongue as shown in (b). The taste buds found in each type of papillae show slightly different sensitivities to the four basic tastes, as mapped out in the graph at the top. Thus, sensitivity to the primary tastes varies across the tongu ...
Neurogenesis
... oUntil the 1990’s, it was widely accepted that neurogenesis did not occur in the adult brain o “In the adult centers the nerve paths are something fixed, ended and immutable. Everything may die, ...
... oUntil the 1990’s, it was widely accepted that neurogenesis did not occur in the adult brain o “In the adult centers the nerve paths are something fixed, ended and immutable. Everything may die, ...
Slide ()
... The axons of retinal ganglion cells grow to the optic tectum in discrete steps. Two neurons that carry information from the nasal half of the retina are shown. The axon of one crosses the optic chiasm to reach the contralateral optic tectum. The axon of the other also crosses the optic chiasm but pr ...
... The axons of retinal ganglion cells grow to the optic tectum in discrete steps. Two neurons that carry information from the nasal half of the retina are shown. The axon of one crosses the optic chiasm to reach the contralateral optic tectum. The axon of the other also crosses the optic chiasm but pr ...
Processing in layer 4 of the neocortical circuit: new insights from
... inhibition follow the tuning of thalamic inputs, and tighten the tuning of excitatory cells by eliminating responses to stimuli that evoke concurrent inhibition and excitation. Feed-forward inhibition and recurrent excitation are all evoked locally, from V1 cells preferring nearby orientations and f ...
... inhibition follow the tuning of thalamic inputs, and tighten the tuning of excitatory cells by eliminating responses to stimuli that evoke concurrent inhibition and excitation. Feed-forward inhibition and recurrent excitation are all evoked locally, from V1 cells preferring nearby orientations and f ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.