
Chapter 15: Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic
... The simplest receptors are the dendrites of sensory neurons. ...
... The simplest receptors are the dendrites of sensory neurons. ...
Neuroanatomical Background to Understanding the Brain of the
... simply that these areas are grossly damaged, but that the circuitry connecting these areas with each other and with several key regions, are either interrupted by mechanical or toxic damage, or dysregulated by several endogenous factors. These factors may include abnormal neurotransmitter systems, s ...
... simply that these areas are grossly damaged, but that the circuitry connecting these areas with each other and with several key regions, are either interrupted by mechanical or toxic damage, or dysregulated by several endogenous factors. These factors may include abnormal neurotransmitter systems, s ...
Modeling Neural Mechanisms of Cognitive-Affective Interaction Abninder Litt () Chris Eliasmith ()
... cingulate for an appropriate behavioral response: approach, if the current input is valued positively; or withdrawal, if it is considered aversive. We then modulate this behavioral valence by reward-related surprise—that is, prediction error. If a given behavior (approach or withdrawal) occurs concu ...
... cingulate for an appropriate behavioral response: approach, if the current input is valued positively; or withdrawal, if it is considered aversive. We then modulate this behavioral valence by reward-related surprise—that is, prediction error. If a given behavior (approach or withdrawal) occurs concu ...
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... With the exception of NKCC2 and NCC, which are predominantly found in kidney, all CCCs are expressed in neurons or glial cells—or both—at least at some stage of CNS development. KCC1 is considered a ‘‘household’’ isoform in various cell types, including glial cells, but present data suggest little o ...
... With the exception of NKCC2 and NCC, which are predominantly found in kidney, all CCCs are expressed in neurons or glial cells—or both—at least at some stage of CNS development. KCC1 is considered a ‘‘household’’ isoform in various cell types, including glial cells, but present data suggest little o ...
Chapter 2
... While this is relatively simple to understand, it does have some important consequences. Imagine that the synapse in question is between the brain and a leg muscle, so it involves a motor neuron. If the organism can walk around activating the leg muscle repeatedly, the synapse will survive. However, ...
... While this is relatively simple to understand, it does have some important consequences. Imagine that the synapse in question is between the brain and a leg muscle, so it involves a motor neuron. If the organism can walk around activating the leg muscle repeatedly, the synapse will survive. However, ...
The Thalamic Projections of the Spinothalamic Tract
... and that they reached different thalamic domains including lateral, posterior, and intralaminar nuclei [e.g., 1,3,8]. Gingold and coworkers [35] studied terminal STT-like structures in the thalamus of squirrel monkeys after spinal injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP). T ...
... and that they reached different thalamic domains including lateral, posterior, and intralaminar nuclei [e.g., 1,3,8]. Gingold and coworkers [35] studied terminal STT-like structures in the thalamus of squirrel monkeys after spinal injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP). T ...
The Nervous System
... seldom achieved by only attending school. These classes are guaranteed to motivate students and greatly improve VCE scores! For additional information regarding the Master Classes, please do not hesitate to contact us on (03) 9663 3311 or visit our website at www.tsfx.com.au. ...
... seldom achieved by only attending school. These classes are guaranteed to motivate students and greatly improve VCE scores! For additional information regarding the Master Classes, please do not hesitate to contact us on (03) 9663 3311 or visit our website at www.tsfx.com.au. ...
Serotonin 1B Receptor Modulates Frequency Response Curves and
... Neuromodulatory signals such as serotonin are broadly released in the brain in response to changes in internal state (Trulson and Jacobs 1979, 1981) but transform the response properties of sensory neurons in highly specific ways (Hurley et al. 2004; Mooney et al. 1996; Xiang and Prince 2003). This ...
... Neuromodulatory signals such as serotonin are broadly released in the brain in response to changes in internal state (Trulson and Jacobs 1979, 1981) but transform the response properties of sensory neurons in highly specific ways (Hurley et al. 2004; Mooney et al. 1996; Xiang and Prince 2003). This ...
Patterns of neuronal migration in the embryonic cortex
... were observed to undergo ventricle-directed migration to the VZ in slice-culture preparations [37]. Upon reaching the ventricle, these cells paused briefly and reversed direction to migrate radially into the cortical plate [37]. The majority of these cells were interneurons, and dye labeling of the ...
... were observed to undergo ventricle-directed migration to the VZ in slice-culture preparations [37]. Upon reaching the ventricle, these cells paused briefly and reversed direction to migrate radially into the cortical plate [37]. The majority of these cells were interneurons, and dye labeling of the ...
ANS Jeopardy
... the following four effector categories. • Answer: Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue ...
... the following four effector categories. • Answer: Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue ...
The columnar organization of the neocortex
... neocortex. Columnar defining factors in homotypical areas are generated, in part, within the cortex itself. The set of all modules composing such an entity may be fractionated into different modular subsets by different extrinsic connections. Linkages between them and subsets in other large entities ...
... neocortex. Columnar defining factors in homotypical areas are generated, in part, within the cortex itself. The set of all modules composing such an entity may be fractionated into different modular subsets by different extrinsic connections. Linkages between them and subsets in other large entities ...
PDF file
... recognition in cluttered backgrounds. The appearance-based feature descriptors are quite selective for a target shape but limited in tolerance to the object transformations. The histogram-based descriptors, for an example, the SIFT features, show great tolerance to the object transformations but suc ...
... recognition in cluttered backgrounds. The appearance-based feature descriptors are quite selective for a target shape but limited in tolerance to the object transformations. The histogram-based descriptors, for an example, the SIFT features, show great tolerance to the object transformations but suc ...
Drugs Acting on the Central and Peripheral Nervous
... action potentials along the entire membrane, send messages to nearby neurons or to effector cells that may be located inches to feet away via this electrical communication system. Like all cell membranes, nerve membranes have various channels or pores that control the movement of substances into and ...
... action potentials along the entire membrane, send messages to nearby neurons or to effector cells that may be located inches to feet away via this electrical communication system. Like all cell membranes, nerve membranes have various channels or pores that control the movement of substances into and ...
Differential roles of delay-period neural activity in the monkey
... sensory-coupled cue cell, the discharge of which tends to diminish during the delay period of WM tasks. The other is the preparatory-set cell; its discharge tends to increase as the time for an expected behavioral response of a WM task approaches. These two types of cells may participate in two comp ...
... sensory-coupled cue cell, the discharge of which tends to diminish during the delay period of WM tasks. The other is the preparatory-set cell; its discharge tends to increase as the time for an expected behavioral response of a WM task approaches. These two types of cells may participate in two comp ...
hanPNAS11
... Golli-Gfp or lacked CldU, but none expressed ZFPM2. Most importantly, as defined by the highly conservative triple criteria (Golli-Gfp+, ZFPM2+, and CldU−), no L6 neurons were labeled by the retrograde tracer in any of the traced Tbr1+/+ brains (n = 8). In contrast, defined by the same stringent crite ...
... Golli-Gfp or lacked CldU, but none expressed ZFPM2. Most importantly, as defined by the highly conservative triple criteria (Golli-Gfp+, ZFPM2+, and CldU−), no L6 neurons were labeled by the retrograde tracer in any of the traced Tbr1+/+ brains (n = 8). In contrast, defined by the same stringent crite ...
Print this article - University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life
... and extensive dopaminergic stimulation combined with the shortage of dopaminergic neurons produces a maximal propensity for dyskinesias (Fig. 2). The relationship between the nigrostriatal lesion and the bioavailability of dopamine may also account for the fluctuations in the quality of motor respon ...
... and extensive dopaminergic stimulation combined with the shortage of dopaminergic neurons produces a maximal propensity for dyskinesias (Fig. 2). The relationship between the nigrostriatal lesion and the bioavailability of dopamine may also account for the fluctuations in the quality of motor respon ...
Event-Related Potentials
... cortical neurons operate at the microscopic scale and are measured by a host of techniques targeted at that level. Individual cortical neurons contribute to cognitive function, however, by joining in the cooperative actions of neural networks, which operate at the mesoscopic and macroscopic scales. ...
... cortical neurons operate at the microscopic scale and are measured by a host of techniques targeted at that level. Individual cortical neurons contribute to cognitive function, however, by joining in the cooperative actions of neural networks, which operate at the mesoscopic and macroscopic scales. ...
Excitation of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopaminergic and
... orexin neurons from the lateral hypothalamus to mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is likely to be important in both of these processes. We used single-unit extracellular and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to examine the effects of orexins (A and B) and mel ...
... orexin neurons from the lateral hypothalamus to mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is likely to be important in both of these processes. We used single-unit extracellular and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to examine the effects of orexins (A and B) and mel ...
lecture9
... 5 months: hand does not orient to object until contact 9 months: hand orients prior to contact (note visual information about orientation is available at 2 months). Pre-shape for object size. Still adjusting grip force by 7-8 years (grip force larger for larger objects). Use palmar grasp until about ...
... 5 months: hand does not orient to object until contact 9 months: hand orients prior to contact (note visual information about orientation is available at 2 months). Pre-shape for object size. Still adjusting grip force by 7-8 years (grip force larger for larger objects). Use palmar grasp until about ...
Document
... Stimulus intensity and first spike latency • To find if hard-wired ‘delay lines’ exist in the network, we can vary different stimulus parameters and see if the latency changes. • For the final experiment, they test whether intensity has an effect on the latency of the late ...
... Stimulus intensity and first spike latency • To find if hard-wired ‘delay lines’ exist in the network, we can vary different stimulus parameters and see if the latency changes. • For the final experiment, they test whether intensity has an effect on the latency of the late ...
Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex
... mitoses at the apical surface of the VZ, or indirectly through the production of proliferating intermediate progenitors39. In addition to the full-length radial glia, other neuron-producing precursors have been described in the VZ30,38,40,41. One study observed a subpopulation of progenitors that ca ...
... mitoses at the apical surface of the VZ, or indirectly through the production of proliferating intermediate progenitors39. In addition to the full-length radial glia, other neuron-producing precursors have been described in the VZ30,38,40,41. One study observed a subpopulation of progenitors that ca ...
Molecular Mechanisms of Appetite Regulation
... gastrointestinal (GI) tract primarily relay to the solitary tract nucleus (NTS) through the sensory vagus nerve, a major neuronal link between the gut and the brain. Transaction of sensory vagal fibers resulted in increased meal size and meal duration, confirming that vagal afferents transfer satiet ...
... gastrointestinal (GI) tract primarily relay to the solitary tract nucleus (NTS) through the sensory vagus nerve, a major neuronal link between the gut and the brain. Transaction of sensory vagal fibers resulted in increased meal size and meal duration, confirming that vagal afferents transfer satiet ...
Synaptic gating

Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.