Now you see it: frontal eye field responses to invisible targets
... one of which was within the receptive field of the FEF neuron under study; on the remaining trials, no target appeared (Fig. 1). On all trials, a ring of bright spots then masked all eight locations. The monkeys’ job was to saccade to the location of the target if it was visible, but to withhold the ...
... one of which was within the receptive field of the FEF neuron under study; on the remaining trials, no target appeared (Fig. 1). On all trials, a ring of bright spots then masked all eight locations. The monkeys’ job was to saccade to the location of the target if it was visible, but to withhold the ...
Cells of the Brain
... some of the oldest cells in the body because they can last a lifetime. Some neurons are the longest cells in the body as they can be a few feet long. For example, some neurons can stretch from the tip of the toe all the way up to the brain. Glia, from the Greek word for "glue ", do not transmit info ...
... some of the oldest cells in the body because they can last a lifetime. Some neurons are the longest cells in the body as they can be a few feet long. For example, some neurons can stretch from the tip of the toe all the way up to the brain. Glia, from the Greek word for "glue ", do not transmit info ...
Neural analysis of sound frequency in insects
... are 4–5 times larger than those evoked by ultrasound, suggesting that cricket-like frequencies excite more receptors(44)(Fig. 3A). A difference in CAP amplitude could also arise, however, if extracellular potentials were larger for low-frequency receptors, as would be the case if they had larger-dia ...
... are 4–5 times larger than those evoked by ultrasound, suggesting that cricket-like frequencies excite more receptors(44)(Fig. 3A). A difference in CAP amplitude could also arise, however, if extracellular potentials were larger for low-frequency receptors, as would be the case if they had larger-dia ...
Corticofugal modulation of functional connectivity within the auditory
... cells can induce correlated firing under control of cortical feedback (Sillito et al., 1994). Acoustically-evoked activity in thalamic single units is often characterized by a complex response pattern which can be modified in its time course and in its components by cooling of the auditory cortex (V ...
... cells can induce correlated firing under control of cortical feedback (Sillito et al., 1994). Acoustically-evoked activity in thalamic single units is often characterized by a complex response pattern which can be modified in its time course and in its components by cooling of the auditory cortex (V ...
Neuromodulation and cortical function: BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN
... nucleus basalis of Meynert (Ch4), the piriform cortex receives innervation from the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (Ch3) [86,231], and the hippocampus receives innervation from the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca (Ch2) and the medial septum (Chl) [ 83,861. In addition to c ...
... nucleus basalis of Meynert (Ch4), the piriform cortex receives innervation from the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (Ch3) [86,231], and the hippocampus receives innervation from the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca (Ch2) and the medial septum (Chl) [ 83,861. In addition to c ...
Training
... Vector quantization: Lloyd algorithm 1957 for scalar quantization (= Max quantizer ) The generilized Lloyd algorithm for vector quantization (= k-means algorithm McQueen 1969 = LBG algorithm Linde et al 1980) The idea of learning vector quantization (LVQ) (Kohonen, 1986) Convergence properties of th ...
... Vector quantization: Lloyd algorithm 1957 for scalar quantization (= Max quantizer ) The generilized Lloyd algorithm for vector quantization (= k-means algorithm McQueen 1969 = LBG algorithm Linde et al 1980) The idea of learning vector quantization (LVQ) (Kohonen, 1986) Convergence properties of th ...
Nothing can be coincidence: synaptic inhibition and plasticity in the
... the peak amplitudes of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) recorded in cerebellar nuclear neurons depress only modestly even when stimulation continues for more than a second [23]. Interestingly, the terminals of Purkinje neurons have unusual features that have long been noticed in biochemical ...
... the peak amplitudes of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) recorded in cerebellar nuclear neurons depress only modestly even when stimulation continues for more than a second [23]. Interestingly, the terminals of Purkinje neurons have unusual features that have long been noticed in biochemical ...
PowerPoint Slide Set Westen Psychology 2e
... Neurotransmitters (NTs) are chemicals NTs are stored within vesicles of the presynaptic cell NTs are released in response to the action potential sweeping along the presynaptic membrane Transmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to postsynaptic receptors Receptor bindin ...
... Neurotransmitters (NTs) are chemicals NTs are stored within vesicles of the presynaptic cell NTs are released in response to the action potential sweeping along the presynaptic membrane Transmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to postsynaptic receptors Receptor bindin ...
1749-7221-5-5-S2
... GROUPED IN FASCICLES WRAPPED UP BY PERINEURIUM THAT MANTAINS IN THE PERIPHERY THE BRAIN BLOOD BARRIER PRESENT IN THE BRAIN AND ARE IMMERSED IN THE INTERNAL EPINEURIUM AMONG THE CONNECTIVE SEPTA COMING FROM THE EXTERNAL EPINEURIUM ...
... GROUPED IN FASCICLES WRAPPED UP BY PERINEURIUM THAT MANTAINS IN THE PERIPHERY THE BRAIN BLOOD BARRIER PRESENT IN THE BRAIN AND ARE IMMERSED IN THE INTERNAL EPINEURIUM AMONG THE CONNECTIVE SEPTA COMING FROM THE EXTERNAL EPINEURIUM ...
Spike-Wave Complexes and Fast Components of Cortically
... thalamus is an input source and target of cortical neurons, we investigated here the seizure behavior of thalamic reticular (RE) and thalamocortical (TC) neurons, two major cellular classes that have often been implicated in the generation of paroxysmal episodes. We performed single and dual simulta ...
... thalamus is an input source and target of cortical neurons, we investigated here the seizure behavior of thalamic reticular (RE) and thalamocortical (TC) neurons, two major cellular classes that have often been implicated in the generation of paroxysmal episodes. We performed single and dual simulta ...
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat
... their shafts were examined in serial thin sections. Reconstructions showed these dendrites varied in thickness between 2.5 and 0.5 [zm. They had essentially smooth contours and rarely showed evidence of protrusions or spines. They were further characterized by the presence of many synapses along the ...
... their shafts were examined in serial thin sections. Reconstructions showed these dendrites varied in thickness between 2.5 and 0.5 [zm. They had essentially smooth contours and rarely showed evidence of protrusions or spines. They were further characterized by the presence of many synapses along the ...
NEURO-FOR-THE-NOT-SO-NEURO
... The basal ganglia… • Paired nuclei at the base of the brain • 50:50 balance between acetylcholine and dopamine • All dopamine is made in the substantia nigra from melanin • Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) keeps dopamine in check ...
... The basal ganglia… • Paired nuclei at the base of the brain • 50:50 balance between acetylcholine and dopamine • All dopamine is made in the substantia nigra from melanin • Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) keeps dopamine in check ...
2320lecture22
... Neural Correlates of Selection • Results: Neurons in visual system respond vigorously to certain stimuli but are then sharply suppressed if a different stimulus is selected by attention • Interpretation: this selection might be a neural correlate of the perceptual suppression of unattended informat ...
... Neural Correlates of Selection • Results: Neurons in visual system respond vigorously to certain stimuli but are then sharply suppressed if a different stimulus is selected by attention • Interpretation: this selection might be a neural correlate of the perceptual suppression of unattended informat ...
Identified Serotonergic Neurons LCBI and RCBI in the Cerebral
... cells contributing to dishabituation and sensitization of the gill- and siphon-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Most recently, Glanzman et al. (1999) found that treatment with the 5-HT neurotoxin, 5,7-DHT markedly reduced both synaptic facilitation and behavioral dishabituation. To provide more direct ...
... cells contributing to dishabituation and sensitization of the gill- and siphon-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Most recently, Glanzman et al. (1999) found that treatment with the 5-HT neurotoxin, 5,7-DHT markedly reduced both synaptic facilitation and behavioral dishabituation. To provide more direct ...
Burst Firing and Modulation of Functional Connectivity in Cat Striate
... Another view suggests that discrete structures within the spike train form a specific code that is relevant to the decision making processes of postsynaptic neurons. The exact means by which information is encoded in these sequences (or even if it is encoded) still are being debated (Shadlen and New ...
... Another view suggests that discrete structures within the spike train form a specific code that is relevant to the decision making processes of postsynaptic neurons. The exact means by which information is encoded in these sequences (or even if it is encoded) still are being debated (Shadlen and New ...
FluoProbes - Interchim
... used. However, even with large injections beads do not diffuse far from the injection site (usually less than 1 mm). Thus in order to label all or most of the neurons projecting to a large structure, several injections should be made. Iontophoretic application of beads is not recommended as an effec ...
... used. However, even with large injections beads do not diffuse far from the injection site (usually less than 1 mm). Thus in order to label all or most of the neurons projecting to a large structure, several injections should be made. Iontophoretic application of beads is not recommended as an effec ...
Motor Cortex, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum
... Note: effect of primary motor cortex lesions or interruptions of corticospinal tract in man (stroke): immediate loss or reduction of voluntary function in contralateral muscles corresponding to the region of injury, and often spastic paralysis; frequently there is some recovery of function with time ...
... Note: effect of primary motor cortex lesions or interruptions of corticospinal tract in man (stroke): immediate loss or reduction of voluntary function in contralateral muscles corresponding to the region of injury, and often spastic paralysis; frequently there is some recovery of function with time ...
Predictability Modulates Human Brain Response to Reward
... different temporal patterns of rewarding stimuli (Fig. 2). This model was based on the method of temporal-differences (TD), which postulates that a synaptically reinforcing substance, e.g. dopamine, is released in response to errors in reward prediction (Schultz et al., 1997). This model has been us ...
... different temporal patterns of rewarding stimuli (Fig. 2). This model was based on the method of temporal-differences (TD), which postulates that a synaptically reinforcing substance, e.g. dopamine, is released in response to errors in reward prediction (Schultz et al., 1997). This model has been us ...
mechanisms and biological role of thalamocortical oscillations
... Neocortical neurons reveal at least four distinct electrophysiological types (see Fig. 3): (a) regular-spiking (RS), (b) intrinsically-bursting (IB), (c) fast-rhythmic-bursting (FRB) and (d) fast-spiking (FS, Fig. 3) (Connors and Gutnick 1990; Gray and McCormick 1996; McCormick et al. 1985; Steriade ...
... Neocortical neurons reveal at least four distinct electrophysiological types (see Fig. 3): (a) regular-spiking (RS), (b) intrinsically-bursting (IB), (c) fast-rhythmic-bursting (FRB) and (d) fast-spiking (FS, Fig. 3) (Connors and Gutnick 1990; Gray and McCormick 1996; McCormick et al. 1985; Steriade ...
rEvIEW - McLoon Lab
... higher. In agreement with this hypothesis, in the hippocampus of adult rats, large perforated synapses with higher probabilities of glutamate release were found to be more likely to be ensheathed by astrocytes22. It is equally possible, however, that synapses that are wrapped by an astrocyte are sta ...
... higher. In agreement with this hypothesis, in the hippocampus of adult rats, large perforated synapses with higher probabilities of glutamate release were found to be more likely to be ensheathed by astrocytes22. It is equally possible, however, that synapses that are wrapped by an astrocyte are sta ...
Learning place cells, grid cells and invariances: A unifying model
... Correspondence: [email protected] ...
... Correspondence: [email protected] ...
The Nervous System
... SHEATH). The thicker it is, the faster the speed of transmission down the axon. All-or-None Law Discuss the implications of the all-or-none law, which states that intense stimuli result not in higher peaks but more frequent impulses. It is especially important to point out that the synapse is not a ...
... SHEATH). The thicker it is, the faster the speed of transmission down the axon. All-or-None Law Discuss the implications of the all-or-none law, which states that intense stimuli result not in higher peaks but more frequent impulses. It is especially important to point out that the synapse is not a ...
FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY OF SPINAL CORD LEARNING
... Posterior root ganglion → Tip of posterior gray column → Posteriolateral tract of Lissauer → Synapse in posterior column. Second order neuron axon cross obliquely to opposite side in anterior commissure ascend as lateral spinothalamic tract → In medulla joined by anterior spinothalamic and spinotect ...
... Posterior root ganglion → Tip of posterior gray column → Posteriolateral tract of Lissauer → Synapse in posterior column. Second order neuron axon cross obliquely to opposite side in anterior commissure ascend as lateral spinothalamic tract → In medulla joined by anterior spinothalamic and spinotect ...
Modulation of Responses of Feline Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract
... were tested for the effects of ionophoretically applied monoamines and receptor selective agonists. Extracellularly recorded responses, monosynaptically evoked by group I afferents in a muscle nerve, were compared before, during, and after ionophoresis. They were analyzed with respect to changes in ...
... were tested for the effects of ionophoretically applied monoamines and receptor selective agonists. Extracellularly recorded responses, monosynaptically evoked by group I afferents in a muscle nerve, were compared before, during, and after ionophoresis. They were analyzed with respect to changes in ...
FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY OF SPINAL CORD LEARNING
... Like the lateral tract fibres enter the tip of posterior column contribute to posteriolateral tract of lissauer and synapses with cells of substantia gelatinosa → Second order neuron axon cross obliquely in anterior commissure → Joins spinal lemniscus remaining course is same as Lateral spinothalami ...
... Like the lateral tract fibres enter the tip of posterior column contribute to posteriolateral tract of lissauer and synapses with cells of substantia gelatinosa → Second order neuron axon cross obliquely in anterior commissure → Joins spinal lemniscus remaining course is same as Lateral spinothalami ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.