identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... hypothalamic arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei, the lateral posterior hypothalamus, and the substantia nigra. All ChAT-positive neurons in the areas examined always contained AChE, but this AChE staining could not always be characterized as intense. These findings indicate that in those areas examined, ...
... hypothalamic arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei, the lateral posterior hypothalamus, and the substantia nigra. All ChAT-positive neurons in the areas examined always contained AChE, but this AChE staining could not always be characterized as intense. These findings indicate that in those areas examined, ...
I joined the Smith lab in the spring of 2000, as a
... I’ll summarize the rationale for these projects in the next paragraphs. The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical structures in the central nervous system involve with planning, learning and execution of motor activity. Dysfunction of these nuclei results in severe motor disorders. In the basal g ...
... I’ll summarize the rationale for these projects in the next paragraphs. The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical structures in the central nervous system involve with planning, learning and execution of motor activity. Dysfunction of these nuclei results in severe motor disorders. In the basal g ...
CNS (Ch12)
... • Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas and sends output to multiple areas • Allow us to give meaning to information received, store it as memory, compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to take • Three parts – Anterior association area (prefrontal cortex) ...
... • Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas and sends output to multiple areas • Allow us to give meaning to information received, store it as memory, compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to take • Three parts – Anterior association area (prefrontal cortex) ...
Duration Sensitivity to Other Response Properties of the Rat
... et al. 2000). Duration-selective neurons have only been found at or above the level of the inferior colliculus (IC) or its homolog in any of the species studied, so this form of neural filtering seems to be an emergent property that results from circuitry operating within the midbrain. The IC is inn ...
... et al. 2000). Duration-selective neurons have only been found at or above the level of the inferior colliculus (IC) or its homolog in any of the species studied, so this form of neural filtering seems to be an emergent property that results from circuitry operating within the midbrain. The IC is inn ...
Memory, Learning, and Synaptic Plasticity
... Extensive studies were performed on H.M. His personality and general intelligence, including perception, abstract thinking and reasoning abilities, were not affected by the surgery. In fact, his IQ improved slightly, from 104 pre-surgery to 112 post-surgery, likely because he was less affected by se ...
... Extensive studies were performed on H.M. His personality and general intelligence, including perception, abstract thinking and reasoning abilities, were not affected by the surgery. In fact, his IQ improved slightly, from 104 pre-surgery to 112 post-surgery, likely because he was less affected by se ...
Here - Statistical Analysis of Neuronal Data
... saccade remapping and planning in natural scenes (21) Green, Patrick Integrating source localization and spike sorting (22) Gunnarsdottir, Kristin A look at the strength of micro and macro EEG analysis for distinguishing insomnia whithin an HIV cohort (23) Haigh, Sarah MMN to complex pattern deviant ...
... saccade remapping and planning in natural scenes (21) Green, Patrick Integrating source localization and spike sorting (22) Gunnarsdottir, Kristin A look at the strength of micro and macro EEG analysis for distinguishing insomnia whithin an HIV cohort (23) Haigh, Sarah MMN to complex pattern deviant ...
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... Stretching the central region of the intrafusal fiber stimulates the afferent fiber that encircles the central region Central region may be stretched passively (stretch on the whole muscle) or actively (by contraction of the intrafusal muscle fibers) Intrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by gamma ...
... Stretching the central region of the intrafusal fiber stimulates the afferent fiber that encircles the central region Central region may be stretched passively (stretch on the whole muscle) or actively (by contraction of the intrafusal muscle fibers) Intrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by gamma ...
Short title: Thalamocortical computations during tactile sensation
... inhibition from FS neurons prevents activity in L4 excitatory neurons. Brief and strong touch- ...
... inhibition from FS neurons prevents activity in L4 excitatory neurons. Brief and strong touch- ...
Do distinct populations of dorsal root ganglion neurons account for
... Voltage-clamp protocols. Acid-sensitive currents were induced by superfusing the respective neuron under investigation for 10 s with solutions of either pH 6 or pH 5 once every minute, respectively, using a multibarrel perfusion pipette that was connected to computercontrolled magnetic valve system ...
... Voltage-clamp protocols. Acid-sensitive currents were induced by superfusing the respective neuron under investigation for 10 s with solutions of either pH 6 or pH 5 once every minute, respectively, using a multibarrel perfusion pipette that was connected to computercontrolled magnetic valve system ...
Are Bigger Brains Better?
... have rarely integrated information from insects with that from vertebrates. Many insects, however, demonstrate that highly differentiated motor repertoires, extensive social structures and cognition are possible with very small brains, emphasising that we need to understand the neural circuits, not ...
... have rarely integrated information from insects with that from vertebrates. Many insects, however, demonstrate that highly differentiated motor repertoires, extensive social structures and cognition are possible with very small brains, emphasising that we need to understand the neural circuits, not ...
Spike-timing-dependent plasticity: common themes
... strengthen connections to other neurons in the network. This is easily understood from the perspective of a neuron that is not part of the correlated group (Fig. 3C). From this perspective, STDP strengthens only the synapses of the most correlated inputs. At this stage of the development of a column ...
... strengthen connections to other neurons in the network. This is easily understood from the perspective of a neuron that is not part of the correlated group (Fig. 3C). From this perspective, STDP strengthens only the synapses of the most correlated inputs. At this stage of the development of a column ...
The Nervous System Introducion
... • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - watery fluid formed from plasma that circulates through the central nervous system and function as a shock absorber ...
... • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - watery fluid formed from plasma that circulates through the central nervous system and function as a shock absorber ...
Slide 1
... – not extensively tested though – Experiences from United States Postal Service: human errors of 2,5% ...
... – not extensively tested though – Experiences from United States Postal Service: human errors of 2,5% ...
Principles of Extracellular Single
... with behaviors or physiological events. Electrical or chemical stimulation of identified cell populations at the recording site can also be used to determine the effects of cell activity on behavior or physiology. As with any methodology, there are limits to the kinds of questions that can be addres ...
... with behaviors or physiological events. Electrical or chemical stimulation of identified cell populations at the recording site can also be used to determine the effects of cell activity on behavior or physiology. As with any methodology, there are limits to the kinds of questions that can be addres ...
Brain Uncoupling Protein 2: Uncoupled Neuronal Mitochondria
... oxytocin, and neuropeptide Y also expressed UCP2. Furthermore, axon terminals containing UCP2 innervated diverse hypothalamic neuronal populations. These cells included those ...
... oxytocin, and neuropeptide Y also expressed UCP2. Furthermore, axon terminals containing UCP2 innervated diverse hypothalamic neuronal populations. These cells included those ...
Spike-timing dependent plasticity and the cognitive map
... dynamics confirms that this form of input produces a Gaussian distribution of ISI (data not shown). In each of these simulations, all synaptic connections in the network are initialized with a weight of wij = 0.3 unless specified otherwise. In further simulations, theta-coded neural dynamics are dic ...
... dynamics confirms that this form of input produces a Gaussian distribution of ISI (data not shown). In each of these simulations, all synaptic connections in the network are initialized with a weight of wij = 0.3 unless specified otherwise. In further simulations, theta-coded neural dynamics are dic ...
Response characteristics of neurons in the pulvinar of awake cats to
... with short bursts not only to rapid image shifts while the eyes are stationary but also when saccadic eye movements are executed in the light (Schweigart and Hoffmann 1992). It is not known yet how this pretectal input is further processed in the Pul because response properties of Pul neurons in awa ...
... with short bursts not only to rapid image shifts while the eyes are stationary but also when saccadic eye movements are executed in the light (Schweigart and Hoffmann 1992). It is not known yet how this pretectal input is further processed in the Pul because response properties of Pul neurons in awa ...
lmmunocytochemical Mapping of 18236, A Brain
... mRNA populations from liver or kidney) tend to be much larger and of lower individual abundance than mRNA molecules that are not brain specific (Milner and Sutcliffe, 1983). In this context, “brainspecific” is an operational definition and does not exclude the possibilities that some of these molecu ...
... mRNA populations from liver or kidney) tend to be much larger and of lower individual abundance than mRNA molecules that are not brain specific (Milner and Sutcliffe, 1983). In this context, “brainspecific” is an operational definition and does not exclude the possibilities that some of these molecu ...
David Hunter Hubel. 27 February 1926 — 22 September 2013
... when Mike suggested placing wires in the cortex of cats and recording from them while they were awake. The attempt was a failure, but the idea captured David’s imagination. He began developing techniques for recording from animals while they were awake. He first developed a tough tungsten microelect ...
... when Mike suggested placing wires in the cortex of cats and recording from them while they were awake. The attempt was a failure, but the idea captured David’s imagination. He began developing techniques for recording from animals while they were awake. He first developed a tough tungsten microelect ...
Lesson #7-8
... mainly of cellular processes, of which the majority are granule cell axons—parallel fibers, see below— and Purkinje cell dendrites. A few neurons are found among the fibers (stellate cells, basket cells, Golgi cells), which function as inhibitory interneurons. Pukinje cell layer (stratum ganglionare ...
... mainly of cellular processes, of which the majority are granule cell axons—parallel fibers, see below— and Purkinje cell dendrites. A few neurons are found among the fibers (stellate cells, basket cells, Golgi cells), which function as inhibitory interneurons. Pukinje cell layer (stratum ganglionare ...
Micro Muscle: Muscle signal response and myosin activity
... so. Many different aspects of physiology interact to allow this to take place. Recall from the nervous system is made up of networks of nervous tissue. This nervous tissue is made of cells called neurons that can interact with other types of tissue. Neurons that control muscle tissue are called moto ...
... so. Many different aspects of physiology interact to allow this to take place. Recall from the nervous system is made up of networks of nervous tissue. This nervous tissue is made of cells called neurons that can interact with other types of tissue. Neurons that control muscle tissue are called moto ...
Cells of the Brain
... some of the oldest cells in the body because they can last a lifetime. Some neurons are the longest cells in the body as they can be a few feet long. For example, some neurons can stretch from the tip of the toe all the way up to the brain. Glia, from the Greek word for "glue ", do not transmit info ...
... some of the oldest cells in the body because they can last a lifetime. Some neurons are the longest cells in the body as they can be a few feet long. For example, some neurons can stretch from the tip of the toe all the way up to the brain. Glia, from the Greek word for "glue ", do not transmit info ...
3.2 Our Brains Control Our Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior
... influences the cerebellum, which is why people who are drunk have more difficulty walking in a straight line. Also, the cerebellum contributes to emotional responses, helps us discriminate between different sounds and textures, and is important in learning (Bower & Parsons, 2003). [2] Whereas the pr ...
... influences the cerebellum, which is why people who are drunk have more difficulty walking in a straight line. Also, the cerebellum contributes to emotional responses, helps us discriminate between different sounds and textures, and is important in learning (Bower & Parsons, 2003). [2] Whereas the pr ...
Now you see it: frontal eye field responses to invisible targets
... one of which was within the receptive field of the FEF neuron under study; on the remaining trials, no target appeared (Fig. 1). On all trials, a ring of bright spots then masked all eight locations. The monkeys’ job was to saccade to the location of the target if it was visible, but to withhold the ...
... one of which was within the receptive field of the FEF neuron under study; on the remaining trials, no target appeared (Fig. 1). On all trials, a ring of bright spots then masked all eight locations. The monkeys’ job was to saccade to the location of the target if it was visible, but to withhold the ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.