Introduction to Cellular Respiration •ATP is needed in order for cells
... •Free glucose is not the most common source of fuel in most animal diets, including the human diet. Each of the basic food types can be used as a source of energy. •Carbohydrates such as polysaccharides and glycogen are usually hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes to glucose, which enters glycolysis. ...
... •Free glucose is not the most common source of fuel in most animal diets, including the human diet. Each of the basic food types can be used as a source of energy. •Carbohydrates such as polysaccharides and glycogen are usually hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes to glucose, which enters glycolysis. ...
Chemical Pathways
... Energy comes in many forms including light, heat, electricity, and chemical compounds. ...
... Energy comes in many forms including light, heat, electricity, and chemical compounds. ...
Introduction to Cellular Respiration •ATP is needed in order for cells
... •Free glucose is not the most common source of fuel in most animal diets, including the human diet. Each of the basic food types can be used as a source of energy. •Carbohydrates such as polysaccharides and glycogen are usually hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes to glucose, which enters glycolysis. ...
... •Free glucose is not the most common source of fuel in most animal diets, including the human diet. Each of the basic food types can be used as a source of energy. •Carbohydrates such as polysaccharides and glycogen are usually hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes to glucose, which enters glycolysis. ...
File
... halt. There would be no electrons for oxygen to remove. F. Once NADH loses its electrons it becomes oxidized to NAD+ and returns to the citric acid cycle as a reactant. G. The large container would represent pyruvate oxidation, which produces high-energy acetylCoA. It is electrons from acetyl-CoA th ...
... halt. There would be no electrons for oxygen to remove. F. Once NADH loses its electrons it becomes oxidized to NAD+ and returns to the citric acid cycle as a reactant. G. The large container would represent pyruvate oxidation, which produces high-energy acetylCoA. It is electrons from acetyl-CoA th ...
Cell respiration Practice
... 10) What types of molecules are broken down to make ATP? Which are most often broken down to make ATP? 11) Which type of organic compound supplies the most ATP to cells? 12) Describe how you do not get energy directly from the food that you eat. Read the following paragraph and answer the following ...
... 10) What types of molecules are broken down to make ATP? Which are most often broken down to make ATP? 11) Which type of organic compound supplies the most ATP to cells? 12) Describe how you do not get energy directly from the food that you eat. Read the following paragraph and answer the following ...
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... mitochondrial matrix as oxygen accepts electrons and form water. (c) The electrochemical gradient is used to power ATP synthesis by the enzyme complex ATP synthase. The electrochemical gradient stores free energy and this energy is referred to as proton-motive force (PMF). Protons move through ATP s ...
... mitochondrial matrix as oxygen accepts electrons and form water. (c) The electrochemical gradient is used to power ATP synthesis by the enzyme complex ATP synthase. The electrochemical gradient stores free energy and this energy is referred to as proton-motive force (PMF). Protons move through ATP s ...
An outline of glycolysis. Each of the 10 steps shown is catalyzed by
... A mitochondrion Contains an Outer Membrane, an Inner Membrane and Two Internal Compartments Mitochondria are present in nearly all eukaryotic cells and it is in these organelles that most of cell’s ATP is generated. When glucose converted to pyruvate by glycolysis, less than 10% of total free energy ...
... A mitochondrion Contains an Outer Membrane, an Inner Membrane and Two Internal Compartments Mitochondria are present in nearly all eukaryotic cells and it is in these organelles that most of cell’s ATP is generated. When glucose converted to pyruvate by glycolysis, less than 10% of total free energy ...
How Cells Harvest Energy
... transferring a phosphate directly to ADP from another molecule 2. oxidative phosphorylation – use of ATP synthase and energy derived from a proton (H+) gradient to make ATP ...
... transferring a phosphate directly to ADP from another molecule 2. oxidative phosphorylation – use of ATP synthase and energy derived from a proton (H+) gradient to make ATP ...
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
... from food molecules into usable energy for the cell • Produces ATP • Uses oxygen ...
... from food molecules into usable energy for the cell • Produces ATP • Uses oxygen ...
Extracting Energy from Food
... Thermodynamic Limits Pumps move against the concentration gradient – if not enough energy they move backwards (energy from ATP must be greater than sum of chemical and electrical potential energy) ...
... Thermodynamic Limits Pumps move against the concentration gradient – if not enough energy they move backwards (energy from ATP must be greater than sum of chemical and electrical potential energy) ...
Integration of Mammalian Metabolism
... •Uses 20% of the total O2 consumed by a resting human (only 2% of the body mass) •After several days of low glucose, switches to use of ketone bodies, which are degraded via TCA. Conserves body’s proteins. ...
... •Uses 20% of the total O2 consumed by a resting human (only 2% of the body mass) •After several days of low glucose, switches to use of ketone bodies, which are degraded via TCA. Conserves body’s proteins. ...
Exam 2 for Review - philipdarrenjones.com
... 38) A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water, equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion? A) It will have no unfavorable effec ...
... 38) A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water, equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion? A) It will have no unfavorable effec ...
SUBSTRATE CYCLING (see Voet and Voet)
... Lactic acid which is transported out of the cell is carried away by the blood. Normal blood lactic acid concentration is maintained at ~ 1.2 mM or less., but may increase to greater than 5mM under conditions of lactic acidosis. When blood flow is inadequate, such as during heavy exercise of skeletal ...
... Lactic acid which is transported out of the cell is carried away by the blood. Normal blood lactic acid concentration is maintained at ~ 1.2 mM or less., but may increase to greater than 5mM under conditions of lactic acidosis. When blood flow is inadequate, such as during heavy exercise of skeletal ...
Cellular Respiration
... NADH and FADH2 made in the previous stages contain high energy electrons that can be transferred to other molecules. When removed, these electrons release energy which is used to make approx. 34 ATP. ...
... NADH and FADH2 made in the previous stages contain high energy electrons that can be transferred to other molecules. When removed, these electrons release energy which is used to make approx. 34 ATP. ...
Cellular Respiration Powerpoint
... These cells do NOT contain organelles, so cell respiration occurs in the cell membrane ...
... These cells do NOT contain organelles, so cell respiration occurs in the cell membrane ...
Lecture 8 - Harford Community College
... • Primary pathway used by nearly all organisms to convert glucose to pyruvate • 10 step pathway- can occur in presence or absence of oxygen • 1 molecule of glucose split into 2 molecules of pyruvate • Generates 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH Glucose(6C) + 2NAD+ + 2ADP +2Pi 2 pyruvate(3 ...
... • Primary pathway used by nearly all organisms to convert glucose to pyruvate • 10 step pathway- can occur in presence or absence of oxygen • 1 molecule of glucose split into 2 molecules of pyruvate • Generates 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH Glucose(6C) + 2NAD+ + 2ADP +2Pi 2 pyruvate(3 ...
CHAP NUM="9" ID="CH
... WHAT IF? If complex IV were nonfunctional, could chemiosmosis produce any ATP, and if so, how would the rate of synthesis differ? Figure 9.17 ATP yield per molecule of glucose at each stage of cellular respiration. Figure 9.18 Fermentation. In the absence of oxygen, many cells use fermentation t ...
... WHAT IF? If complex IV were nonfunctional, could chemiosmosis produce any ATP, and if so, how would the rate of synthesis differ? Figure 9.17 ATP yield per molecule of glucose at each stage of cellular respiration. Figure 9.18 Fermentation. In the absence of oxygen, many cells use fermentation t ...
Microbial Metabolism
... Example Ions: NO3-, SO42-, CO32Ion used as final Reduced to form: electron acceptor: ...
... Example Ions: NO3-, SO42-, CO32Ion used as final Reduced to form: electron acceptor: ...
Energy Systems and Muscle Fibre Types
... Pi + Energy (this energy will be used to bind Pi + ADP, can not be used for cellular work) CP is in limited supply within the muscle, thus this system supplies a large amount of energy but CP levels decline rapidly as it is used up as the system replenishes ATP stores. ATP-CP system only lasts 3-10s ...
... Pi + Energy (this energy will be used to bind Pi + ADP, can not be used for cellular work) CP is in limited supply within the muscle, thus this system supplies a large amount of energy but CP levels decline rapidly as it is used up as the system replenishes ATP stores. ATP-CP system only lasts 3-10s ...
Lecture 24 (4/29/13) "The Food You Eat
... controls the reaction by reducing the activation energy barrier that has to be surmounted before the specific reaction can occur. The total free energy released is exacly the same in (A) and (B). But if the sugar was instead oxidized to CO2 and H2) in a single step, as in (B), it would release an am ...
... controls the reaction by reducing the activation energy barrier that has to be surmounted before the specific reaction can occur. The total free energy released is exacly the same in (A) and (B). But if the sugar was instead oxidized to CO2 and H2) in a single step, as in (B), it would release an am ...
Aerobic Respiration
... • Citric acid cycle – a series of eight reactions that further breaks down the end product of glycolysis (acetyl CoA) to carbon dioxide ...
... • Citric acid cycle – a series of eight reactions that further breaks down the end product of glycolysis (acetyl CoA) to carbon dioxide ...
Cellular Respiration: - Multiple Choice Questions Answer all
... What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down ...
... What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑