The Mistake of Eating Low Fat Foods
... 2) 13.9% increase in LDL cholesterol. It also doubled Apoprotein B which is an index of the number of LDL particles. 3) 44.9% increase in the dreaded small LDL, compared to 13.3% with glucose. 4) While glucose (curiously) reduced the overall after-eating triglyceride response, fructose increased aft ...
... 2) 13.9% increase in LDL cholesterol. It also doubled Apoprotein B which is an index of the number of LDL particles. 3) 44.9% increase in the dreaded small LDL, compared to 13.3% with glucose. 4) While glucose (curiously) reduced the overall after-eating triglyceride response, fructose increased aft ...
Name: ______ Date: Period: ATP, Photosynthesis and Cellular
... http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4ch7respirationnotes.html 29. What is the definition of Cellular Respiration?(in purple) 30. What happens during cellular respiration? 31. What’s the equation for Cellular Respiration? Stages of Cellular respiration. http://www.essortment.com/understand ...
... http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4ch7respirationnotes.html 29. What is the definition of Cellular Respiration?(in purple) 30. What happens during cellular respiration? 31. What’s the equation for Cellular Respiration? Stages of Cellular respiration. http://www.essortment.com/understand ...
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
... 14. Which of the following cofactors is required for the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the citric acid cycle? A) ATP B) Biotin C) FAD D) NAD+ E) NADP+ 15. The conversion of 1 mol of pyruvate to 3 mol of CO2 via pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle also yields _____ mol of NADH, ...
... 14. Which of the following cofactors is required for the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the citric acid cycle? A) ATP B) Biotin C) FAD D) NAD+ E) NADP+ 15. The conversion of 1 mol of pyruvate to 3 mol of CO2 via pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle also yields _____ mol of NADH, ...
Oxidation of Organic Fuel Molecules During Cellular
... • Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration • Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates • Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle • Fats are digested to glycerol (used in glyco ...
... • Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration • Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates • Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle • Fats are digested to glycerol (used in glyco ...
REVIEW FOR FINALS TT^TT (TEEHEE)x
... converts it into alcohol and carbon dioxide. ● Lactic-acid fermentation- when pyruvate is fermented into lactic acid, buildup occurs NAD+ - the form of NADP without energy Electron transport system- part of the mass-production of ATP, where electrons are transported across a membranes to pump hydrog ...
... converts it into alcohol and carbon dioxide. ● Lactic-acid fermentation- when pyruvate is fermented into lactic acid, buildup occurs NAD+ - the form of NADP without energy Electron transport system- part of the mass-production of ATP, where electrons are transported across a membranes to pump hydrog ...
Respiration and Metabolism
... -Skeletal muscle lasts (longer/shorter) than heart tissue under anaerobic conditions. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com ...
... -Skeletal muscle lasts (longer/shorter) than heart tissue under anaerobic conditions. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com ...
Modern Biology: Chapter 3
... • Certain ones’ overall structure stores energy – ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) – NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) – NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) – FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) ...
... • Certain ones’ overall structure stores energy – ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) – NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) – NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) – FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) ...
Modern Biology: Chapter 3
... • Certain ones’ overall structure stores energy – ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) – NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) – NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) – FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) ...
... • Certain ones’ overall structure stores energy – ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) – NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) – NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) – FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) ...
The TCA Cycle
... function and get rid of NADH accumulations that occur during these reactions. b. Because of this, when there is no oxygen, all processes in mitochondria will stop. c. This is another reason carbs are unique, since they can be used under anaerobic conditions. This is particularly important for muscle ...
... function and get rid of NADH accumulations that occur during these reactions. b. Because of this, when there is no oxygen, all processes in mitochondria will stop. c. This is another reason carbs are unique, since they can be used under anaerobic conditions. This is particularly important for muscle ...
Module 3- Bioenergetics - Bangen Athletic Development
... exercise. It primarily uses carbohydrate and fat as substrates, but protein can be used during starvation and very long bouts of exercise. The oxidation of glucose and glycogen molecules begins with glycolysis and leads to the Krebs cycle. The NADH and FADH2 molecules will transport hydrogen atoms t ...
... exercise. It primarily uses carbohydrate and fat as substrates, but protein can be used during starvation and very long bouts of exercise. The oxidation of glucose and glycogen molecules begins with glycolysis and leads to the Krebs cycle. The NADH and FADH2 molecules will transport hydrogen atoms t ...
Cell Metabolism
... Products of Glycolysis include: 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid 2 molecules of ATP (net gain): (4 ATP are produced, but phase 1 consumes 2 ATP, so there’s a net gain of just 2 ATP) 2 molecules of NADH (each NADH is worth 3 ATP in the ETC) ...
... Products of Glycolysis include: 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid 2 molecules of ATP (net gain): (4 ATP are produced, but phase 1 consumes 2 ATP, so there’s a net gain of just 2 ATP) 2 molecules of NADH (each NADH is worth 3 ATP in the ETC) ...
Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism (Part I)
... ATP Production Some of the energy released in oxidationreduction processes is trapped as ATP; the rest is lost as heat. Phosphorylation reaction: ADP + Energy + P ---------> ATP There are three different mechanisms of ATP phosphorylation in living organisms: 1. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation: Di ...
... ATP Production Some of the energy released in oxidationreduction processes is trapped as ATP; the rest is lost as heat. Phosphorylation reaction: ADP + Energy + P ---------> ATP There are three different mechanisms of ATP phosphorylation in living organisms: 1. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation: Di ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... How is cytosolic NADH reoxidized under aerobic conditions? NADH cannot simply pass into mitochondria for oxidation by the respiratory chain, because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD+. The solution is that electrons from NADH, rather than NADH itself, are carried across ...
... How is cytosolic NADH reoxidized under aerobic conditions? NADH cannot simply pass into mitochondria for oxidation by the respiratory chain, because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD+. The solution is that electrons from NADH, rather than NADH itself, are carried across ...
Energy conversion: Fermentation
... B- Do they have a common pathway -glycolysis or Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas pathway (EMP) is a common pathway. -it occur in the cytosol of the cell 2ADP+2Pi ...
... B- Do they have a common pathway -glycolysis or Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas pathway (EMP) is a common pathway. -it occur in the cytosol of the cell 2ADP+2Pi ...
Ch. 8 - ltcconline.net
... C. usable energy of most exergonic reactions (eg breaking down glucose) can be stored in ATP D. hydrolysis of ATP produces usable energy E. regeneration of ATP is endergonic; not spontaneous F. ATP cycle- moves at an astonishing pace G. the chemical potential energy temporarily stored in ATP drives ...
... C. usable energy of most exergonic reactions (eg breaking down glucose) can be stored in ATP D. hydrolysis of ATP produces usable energy E. regeneration of ATP is endergonic; not spontaneous F. ATP cycle- moves at an astonishing pace G. the chemical potential energy temporarily stored in ATP drives ...
Problem set 7 - Review for final
... 21. The follwoing figure shows the first fix reactions of glycolysis. Name these steps. How many ATP molecules are produced in glycolysis (overall)? ...
... 21. The follwoing figure shows the first fix reactions of glycolysis. Name these steps. How many ATP molecules are produced in glycolysis (overall)? ...
File - Groby Bio Page
... Used to reduce NAD and FAD. Three reduced NAD are produced and 1 reduced FAD per cycle. NAD = Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide FAD = Flavine adenine dinucleotide ...
... Used to reduce NAD and FAD. Three reduced NAD are produced and 1 reduced FAD per cycle. NAD = Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide FAD = Flavine adenine dinucleotide ...
Cytochromes
... ► Chemiosmotic Potential or Proton-Motive Force (PMF) The electrochemical potential difference between the two sides of the IMM, that engage in active transport of Protons is called Proton-Motive Force (PMF). ► Proton motive force is the energy of the proton ...
... ► Chemiosmotic Potential or Proton-Motive Force (PMF) The electrochemical potential difference between the two sides of the IMM, that engage in active transport of Protons is called Proton-Motive Force (PMF). ► Proton motive force is the energy of the proton ...
E - ČVUT
... Concentrations [S], [P], [E], [F], [ES], [EF] (S-substrate, P-product, E-free enzymes, F-inhibitor, ES, EF-activated complexes). The number of molecules S (substrate) is diminished by the number of molecules which adhere to a free enzyme E. This amount is directly proportional to the concentration o ...
... Concentrations [S], [P], [E], [F], [ES], [EF] (S-substrate, P-product, E-free enzymes, F-inhibitor, ES, EF-activated complexes). The number of molecules S (substrate) is diminished by the number of molecules which adhere to a free enzyme E. This amount is directly proportional to the concentration o ...
Chapter 14 Nutrition Nutrients A nutrient is a component of food that
... o Glycolysis is the initial set of catabolic reactions occurring in the cell cytosol o Converts glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules o Produces a very small amount of ATP o If oxygen is available, the rest of the reactions occur in the mitochondria o In the mitochondria, the molecules are converted to ...
... o Glycolysis is the initial set of catabolic reactions occurring in the cell cytosol o Converts glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules o Produces a very small amount of ATP o If oxygen is available, the rest of the reactions occur in the mitochondria o In the mitochondria, the molecules are converted to ...
chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical
... such as the burning of methane, releases chemical energy that can do work. The “fall” of electrons during respiration is stepwise, via NAD+ and an electron transport chain. Cellular respiration does not oxidize glucose in a single step that transfers all the hydrogen in the fuel to oxygen at one t ...
... such as the burning of methane, releases chemical energy that can do work. The “fall” of electrons during respiration is stepwise, via NAD+ and an electron transport chain. Cellular respiration does not oxidize glucose in a single step that transfers all the hydrogen in the fuel to oxygen at one t ...
chapter3_Sections 1
... • Most molecules of life have at least one functional group • functional group • A group of atoms bonded to a carbon of an organic compound • Gives a specific chemical property such as polarity or acidity. The following table gives examples of functional groups. One example is a phosphate group, fou ...
... • Most molecules of life have at least one functional group • functional group • A group of atoms bonded to a carbon of an organic compound • Gives a specific chemical property such as polarity or acidity. The following table gives examples of functional groups. One example is a phosphate group, fou ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑