Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
... proteins. In their open-chain forms, monosaccharides contain carbonyl groups that can covalently modify the amino groups of proteins. Such nonspecifically modified proteins often do not function effectively. Glucose has a strong tendency to exist in the ring formation and, consequently, relatively l ...
... proteins. In their open-chain forms, monosaccharides contain carbonyl groups that can covalently modify the amino groups of proteins. Such nonspecifically modified proteins often do not function effectively. Glucose has a strong tendency to exist in the ring formation and, consequently, relatively l ...
PP - Chemistry Courses: About
... Standard Free Energy • Every reaction moves spontaneously toward equilibrium—but that could be either direction • There is a relationship between equilibrium constant and free energy of the reaction • If we start with 1M reactants and products, the free energy change of that reaction is called the ...
... Standard Free Energy • Every reaction moves spontaneously toward equilibrium—but that could be either direction • There is a relationship between equilibrium constant and free energy of the reaction • If we start with 1M reactants and products, the free energy change of that reaction is called the ...
Regulation of Organic Metabolism, Growth, and
... • Epi stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis (ß receptor) • muscle glycogen, lactic acid, liver (gluconeogenesis) • Cas inhibit insulin / stimulate glucagon (ß receptor) • hypoglycemia stimulates adrenal Epi secretion by a CNS glucoreceptor (blocked by anesthetic in hypoth) • Epi stimulates lipo ...
... • Epi stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis (ß receptor) • muscle glycogen, lactic acid, liver (gluconeogenesis) • Cas inhibit insulin / stimulate glucagon (ß receptor) • hypoglycemia stimulates adrenal Epi secretion by a CNS glucoreceptor (blocked by anesthetic in hypoth) • Epi stimulates lipo ...
86K(a)
... A. sequence 1 binds with sequence 2 to form a hairpin structure B. sequence 1 binds with sequence 3 to form a hairpin structure C. sequence 2 binds with sequence 3 to form a hairpin structure D. sequence 2 binds with sequence 4 to form a hairpin structure E. sequence 3 binds with sequence 4 to form ...
... A. sequence 1 binds with sequence 2 to form a hairpin structure B. sequence 1 binds with sequence 3 to form a hairpin structure C. sequence 2 binds with sequence 3 to form a hairpin structure D. sequence 2 binds with sequence 4 to form a hairpin structure E. sequence 3 binds with sequence 4 to form ...
Year 9 Respiration QUICK VERSION
... • Further from the sun the colder they are, except Venus (greenhouse effect) • Further from the sun they take longer to orbit (travel slower and have to go further) • Inner planets – small, rocky, few moons • Outer planets – large, mainly gas, lots of moons ...
... • Further from the sun the colder they are, except Venus (greenhouse effect) • Further from the sun they take longer to orbit (travel slower and have to go further) • Inner planets – small, rocky, few moons • Outer planets – large, mainly gas, lots of moons ...
Document
... D. All of the above 1.0___B___17. A sugar alcohol that is implicated in the causation of cataract in galactosemia, is: A. Mannitol B. Galactitol C. Sorbitol D. All of the above 1.0___D___18. A keto sugar; A. Galactose B. Glucose C. Mannose D. Fructose 1.0___B___19.D-glucose and D-mannose are: A. Ano ...
... D. All of the above 1.0___B___17. A sugar alcohol that is implicated in the causation of cataract in galactosemia, is: A. Mannitol B. Galactitol C. Sorbitol D. All of the above 1.0___D___18. A keto sugar; A. Galactose B. Glucose C. Mannose D. Fructose 1.0___B___19.D-glucose and D-mannose are: A. Ano ...
Chap 70 - The Liver As An Organ
... b. damage to the hepatic cells (hepatitis) c. bilirubin cannot pass from the blood into the intestines d. blood levels of conjugated bilirubin increase e. urobilinogen in the urine is negative f. stools are clay-colored - lack of stercobilin and bile pigments g. significant quantities of conjugated ...
... b. damage to the hepatic cells (hepatitis) c. bilirubin cannot pass from the blood into the intestines d. blood levels of conjugated bilirubin increase e. urobilinogen in the urine is negative f. stools are clay-colored - lack of stercobilin and bile pigments g. significant quantities of conjugated ...
Bio1A - Lec 9 slides File
... Lactic acid fermentation • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP wh ...
... Lactic acid fermentation • In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP wh ...
Marvelous Macromolecules
... Animals can’t digest cellulose (passes through making digestion easier) Herbivores have special microbes in their stomachs that can digest cellulose (that’s why they can survive on only plants) ...
... Animals can’t digest cellulose (passes through making digestion easier) Herbivores have special microbes in their stomachs that can digest cellulose (that’s why they can survive on only plants) ...
Jordan University of Science and Technology Faculty of Medicine
... b. How does gluconeogenesis produce glucose from pyruvate? c. How is carbohydrate metabolism controlled? d. Why is glucose sometimes diverted through the pentose phosphate pathway? 11. The Citric Acid Cycle (Chapter 19) a. What role does the citric acid cycle play in metabolism? b. What is the overa ...
... b. How does gluconeogenesis produce glucose from pyruvate? c. How is carbohydrate metabolism controlled? d. Why is glucose sometimes diverted through the pentose phosphate pathway? 11. The Citric Acid Cycle (Chapter 19) a. What role does the citric acid cycle play in metabolism? b. What is the overa ...
Jordan University of Science and Technology
... b. How does gluconeogenesis produce glucose from pyruvate? c. How is carbohydrate metabolism controlled? d. Why is glucose sometimes diverted through the pentose phosphate pathway? 11. The Citric Acid Cycle (Chapter 19) a. What role does the citric acid cycle play in metabolism? b. What is the overa ...
... b. How does gluconeogenesis produce glucose from pyruvate? c. How is carbohydrate metabolism controlled? d. Why is glucose sometimes diverted through the pentose phosphate pathway? 11. The Citric Acid Cycle (Chapter 19) a. What role does the citric acid cycle play in metabolism? b. What is the overa ...
Biochemistry of RBC Metabolism
... 1. Glucose transport through RBC membrane: Glucose is transported through RBC membrane by facilitated diffusion through glucose transporters (GLUT-1). – Glucose transporters (GLUT-1) are independent on insulin i.e. insulin does not promote glucose transport to RBCs – It functions by generating a gat ...
... 1. Glucose transport through RBC membrane: Glucose is transported through RBC membrane by facilitated diffusion through glucose transporters (GLUT-1). – Glucose transporters (GLUT-1) are independent on insulin i.e. insulin does not promote glucose transport to RBCs – It functions by generating a gat ...
glycogen, calcification
... Neurons can not utilize alternative energy sources like fatty acids Glucagon stimulates breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver. Glucagon activates hepatic gluconeogenesis. Non-hexose substrates such as amino acids are converted to glucose. Glucagon also appears to have a minor effect of enh ...
... Neurons can not utilize alternative energy sources like fatty acids Glucagon stimulates breakdown of glycogen stored in the liver. Glucagon activates hepatic gluconeogenesis. Non-hexose substrates such as amino acids are converted to glucose. Glucagon also appears to have a minor effect of enh ...
PPT CH 22
... – Pair of electrons passed to the next electron carrier and H+ are pumped to the intermembrane compartment – These electrons are passed through the electron transport system • With each transfer the electrons lose some energy • This energy is used to transport H+ across the inner membrane ...
... – Pair of electrons passed to the next electron carrier and H+ are pumped to the intermembrane compartment – These electrons are passed through the electron transport system • With each transfer the electrons lose some energy • This energy is used to transport H+ across the inner membrane ...
Pentose Phosphate Shunt
... This can be accomplished if ribose-5-P produced in the pentose phosphate pathway is recycled to produce glycolytic intermediates 4) Both NADPH and ATP are needed by the cell, but ribose-5-P is not This can be done by recycling ribose-5-P, as in case 3 above, if fructose-6-P and glyceraldehyde-3-P ma ...
... This can be accomplished if ribose-5-P produced in the pentose phosphate pathway is recycled to produce glycolytic intermediates 4) Both NADPH and ATP are needed by the cell, but ribose-5-P is not This can be done by recycling ribose-5-P, as in case 3 above, if fructose-6-P and glyceraldehyde-3-P ma ...
Document
... • Carbohydrate Catabolism – Many organisms oxidize carbohydrates as primary energy source for anabolic reactions – Glucose most common carbohydrate used – Glucose catabolized by two processes: cellular respiration and fermentation ...
... • Carbohydrate Catabolism – Many organisms oxidize carbohydrates as primary energy source for anabolic reactions – Glucose most common carbohydrate used – Glucose catabolized by two processes: cellular respiration and fermentation ...
12ppt - UCSD Course Websites
... The Biochemical Bottom Line: Krebs Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O ...
... The Biochemical Bottom Line: Krebs Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O ...
File
... Macromolecules Macromolecules: large organic molecule, usually comprising smaller molecules (monomers) joined together to form a polymer ...
... Macromolecules Macromolecules: large organic molecule, usually comprising smaller molecules (monomers) joined together to form a polymer ...
Organic Molecules - NVHSIntroBioPiper1
... four bonds It can even bond with itself This allows carbon to form long chains to form bigger compounds ...
... four bonds It can even bond with itself This allows carbon to form long chains to form bigger compounds ...
Cell Respiration Review 1
... Fill in the blanks. If oxygen is not present in sufficient amounts, the end product of glycolysis enters (1) ________ pathways. In some bacteria and muscle cells, pyruvate is converted into such products as (2) ________. In yeast cells it is converted into (3) ________ and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic ...
... Fill in the blanks. If oxygen is not present in sufficient amounts, the end product of glycolysis enters (1) ________ pathways. In some bacteria and muscle cells, pyruvate is converted into such products as (2) ________. In yeast cells it is converted into (3) ________ and carbon dioxide. Anaerobic ...
Chapter 27 Bioenergetics: How the Body Converts Food to Energy
... Chapter 27 Bioenergetics: How the Body Converts Food to Energy 27.42 Hydrogen ions and electrons are separated at three points in the electron transport chain. At Complexes I, III, and IV, protons are pumped across the membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space as electrons are transported ...
... Chapter 27 Bioenergetics: How the Body Converts Food to Energy 27.42 Hydrogen ions and electrons are separated at three points in the electron transport chain. At Complexes I, III, and IV, protons are pumped across the membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space as electrons are transported ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑