Oxidation Oxidation of aldoses forms acids as end products . CHO
... drops of fresh 1% α naphthol reagent and mix .Pour 2ml of con H2SO4 so as to form a layer below the mixture .A red violet ring indicates carbohydrate . Glycogen This is the major carbohydrate reserve in animals . In most mammals deposits of glycogen are maintained especially in the liver and in the ...
... drops of fresh 1% α naphthol reagent and mix .Pour 2ml of con H2SO4 so as to form a layer below the mixture .A red violet ring indicates carbohydrate . Glycogen This is the major carbohydrate reserve in animals . In most mammals deposits of glycogen are maintained especially in the liver and in the ...
Biochemistry - Fort Thomas Independent Schools
... by addition of a water molecule one molecule gets an H+ & one gets OH – It is used to turn ATP into ADP ...
... by addition of a water molecule one molecule gets an H+ & one gets OH – It is used to turn ATP into ADP ...
Lipid Metabolism
... 3.Excess ethanol intake (alcoholism ) cause hypoglycemia and fatty liver. As ethanol intake leads to increase NADH/NAD+ ratio , it will lead to inhibiton gluconeogenesis due to reduction of oxaloacetate to malate(in cytosol),thus results in hypoglycemia. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation and in ...
... 3.Excess ethanol intake (alcoholism ) cause hypoglycemia and fatty liver. As ethanol intake leads to increase NADH/NAD+ ratio , it will lead to inhibiton gluconeogenesis due to reduction of oxaloacetate to malate(in cytosol),thus results in hypoglycemia. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation and in ...
Endocrine Vivas
... - Nb: -adrenergic stimulators and somatostatin inhibit insulin secretion Explain how the blood glucose is maintained during fasting. 2011-2 Prolonged fasting: - Glycogen depleted => increase gluconeogenesis from glycerol and amino acids in liver - There is also increase in FFA => tissues directly a ...
... - Nb: -adrenergic stimulators and somatostatin inhibit insulin secretion Explain how the blood glucose is maintained during fasting. 2011-2 Prolonged fasting: - Glycogen depleted => increase gluconeogenesis from glycerol and amino acids in liver - There is also increase in FFA => tissues directly a ...
الشريحة 1
... principal fuel of all the tissues. It enters the cell through the influence of insulin and undergoes a series of chemical reactions to produce energy. • The glucose level in the blood is maintained within a narrow range under diverse conditions by regulatory hormones • Measurement of glucose is one ...
... principal fuel of all the tissues. It enters the cell through the influence of insulin and undergoes a series of chemical reactions to produce energy. • The glucose level in the blood is maintained within a narrow range under diverse conditions by regulatory hormones • Measurement of glucose is one ...
Exam#2-`95
... b. the AMP deaminase reaction and amino acid deamination/oxidation c. the TCA cycle d. the electron transport chain e. the creatine kinase reaction 14. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. metabolic acidosis is caused by the production of lactic acid b. muscle acidosis decreases mus ...
... b. the AMP deaminase reaction and amino acid deamination/oxidation c. the TCA cycle d. the electron transport chain e. the creatine kinase reaction 14. Which of the following statements is most correct? a. metabolic acidosis is caused by the production of lactic acid b. muscle acidosis decreases mus ...
6- Fed Fast Cycle- ENDO
... Significant synthesis of ketone bodies starts during the first days of fasting. Ketone bodies (unlike FA) are water-soluble & appears in blood & urine by the second day of a fast. Ketone bodies in blood during fasting is important as they can be used as fuel for most tissues including the brain tiss ...
... Significant synthesis of ketone bodies starts during the first days of fasting. Ketone bodies (unlike FA) are water-soluble & appears in blood & urine by the second day of a fast. Ketone bodies in blood during fasting is important as they can be used as fuel for most tissues including the brain tiss ...
fed fast cycle
... Significant synthesis of ketone bodies starts during the first days of fasting. Ketone bodies (unlike FA) are water-soluble & appears in blood & urine by the second day of a fast. Ketone bodies in blood during fasting is important as they can be used as fuel for most tissues including the brain tiss ...
... Significant synthesis of ketone bodies starts during the first days of fasting. Ketone bodies (unlike FA) are water-soluble & appears in blood & urine by the second day of a fast. Ketone bodies in blood during fasting is important as they can be used as fuel for most tissues including the brain tiss ...
Respiration in Organisms
... 13. Why do living organisms respire? Cells of living organisms perform different functions. To perform these functions they need energy. So, all living organisms respire to get energy from the food. 14. What is Cellular Respiration? The process of breakdown of food in the cells with the release of e ...
... 13. Why do living organisms respire? Cells of living organisms perform different functions. To perform these functions they need energy. So, all living organisms respire to get energy from the food. 14. What is Cellular Respiration? The process of breakdown of food in the cells with the release of e ...
Enzyme
... • Overview: The Energy of Life • The living cell – Is a miniature factory where thousands of reactions occur ...
... • Overview: The Energy of Life • The living cell – Is a miniature factory where thousands of reactions occur ...
Macromolecules
... Proteins are like long necklaces with differently shaped beads. Each "bead" is a small molecule called an amino acid. There are 20 standard amino acids, each with its own shape, size, and properties. Proteins typically contain from 50 to 2,000 amino acids hooked end-to-end in many combinations. Eac ...
... Proteins are like long necklaces with differently shaped beads. Each "bead" is a small molecule called an amino acid. There are 20 standard amino acids, each with its own shape, size, and properties. Proteins typically contain from 50 to 2,000 amino acids hooked end-to-end in many combinations. Eac ...
Inorganic/Organic Chemistry
... known as “simple sugars.” Pentose examples include ribose and deoxyribose. Hexose examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Glucose is the single most important molecule used by the living cell for energy production and storage. Disaccharides: Two-unit (dimeric, di = two) sugars. Two simple ...
... known as “simple sugars.” Pentose examples include ribose and deoxyribose. Hexose examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Glucose is the single most important molecule used by the living cell for energy production and storage. Disaccharides: Two-unit (dimeric, di = two) sugars. Two simple ...
Mitochondrial Shuttles and Transporters - Rose
... Mitochondrial Shuttles and Transporters One major mechanism for the regulation of metabolic processes within eukaryotic cells is related to the fact that most processes are located in specific compartments within the cell. This means that separate pools of some important metabolites are maintained i ...
... Mitochondrial Shuttles and Transporters One major mechanism for the regulation of metabolic processes within eukaryotic cells is related to the fact that most processes are located in specific compartments within the cell. This means that separate pools of some important metabolites are maintained i ...
What is Biochemistry?
... Transition state has a free energy higher than either reactant or product Cellular chemical reactions occur at a fast enough rate because of enzymes (proteins) Enzymes lower the energy barrier between reactant and product ...
... Transition state has a free energy higher than either reactant or product Cellular chemical reactions occur at a fast enough rate because of enzymes (proteins) Enzymes lower the energy barrier between reactant and product ...
No Slide Title
... Transition state has a free energy higher than either reactant or product Cellular chemical reactions occur at a fast enough rate because of enzymes (proteins) Enzymes lower the energy barrier between reactant and product ...
... Transition state has a free energy higher than either reactant or product Cellular chemical reactions occur at a fast enough rate because of enzymes (proteins) Enzymes lower the energy barrier between reactant and product ...
Checks and Balances in the Lipid Pathways/Network
... how plant secondary products are synthesised,surprisingly little is known concerning how they are turned over and degraded. As the final concentrations of secondary products are determined by a combination of synthesis and turnover, it is important to understand how these metabolites are degraded if ...
... how plant secondary products are synthesised,surprisingly little is known concerning how they are turned over and degraded. As the final concentrations of secondary products are determined by a combination of synthesis and turnover, it is important to understand how these metabolites are degraded if ...
PHOTOSYNTHESIS CHAPTER 10
... Extracts electrons from water and transfers them to NADPH, using energy from photosystems I and II and resulting in ATP synthesis Yields NADPH, ATP and O2 Cyclic electron transport only makes ATP—an electron from an excited chlorophyll molecule cycles back to the same chlorophyll molecule. Cyclic el ...
... Extracts electrons from water and transfers them to NADPH, using energy from photosystems I and II and resulting in ATP synthesis Yields NADPH, ATP and O2 Cyclic electron transport only makes ATP—an electron from an excited chlorophyll molecule cycles back to the same chlorophyll molecule. Cyclic el ...
Lecture 6
... standard free energy required to synthesize GTP from GDP and Pi is + 30.5 kJ/mole. If we couple these two reactions together than the standard free energy change is -3.3 kJ/mole. This enzyme catalyzes a substrate level phosphorylation to generate the only NTP produced directly in the citric acid cyc ...
... standard free energy required to synthesize GTP from GDP and Pi is + 30.5 kJ/mole. If we couple these two reactions together than the standard free energy change is -3.3 kJ/mole. This enzyme catalyzes a substrate level phosphorylation to generate the only NTP produced directly in the citric acid cyc ...
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... potential energy of food molecules was conserved in ATP synthesis (substrate-level phosphorylation). Such metabolism still occurs. It is the only way in which ATP can be generated from food molecules in the absence of oxygen: hence the importance of hexoses in life. Evolution of an oxygen-involving ...
... potential energy of food molecules was conserved in ATP synthesis (substrate-level phosphorylation). Such metabolism still occurs. It is the only way in which ATP can be generated from food molecules in the absence of oxygen: hence the importance of hexoses in life. Evolution of an oxygen-involving ...
Name - Humble ISD
... the _blood___ moves into body cells via _facilitated diffusion___. **TOTAL ATP GAIN IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION = ...
... the _blood___ moves into body cells via _facilitated diffusion___. **TOTAL ATP GAIN IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION = ...
Secondary Products
... Certain phenolics (furanocoumarins) are phototoxic - not toxic till activated by sunlight (near UV-A) Activated furanocoumarins can insert into DNA and bind to pyrimidine bases - blocks transcription and leads to cell ...
... Certain phenolics (furanocoumarins) are phototoxic - not toxic till activated by sunlight (near UV-A) Activated furanocoumarins can insert into DNA and bind to pyrimidine bases - blocks transcription and leads to cell ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑