Glycolytic strategy as a tradeoff between energy yield and protein cost
... diverse, including several alternative glycolytic pathways, the most common of which is the Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathway. The prevalence of the ED pathway is puzzling as it produces only one ATP per glucose—half as much as the EMP pathway. We argue that the diversity of prokaryotic glucose metaboli ...
... diverse, including several alternative glycolytic pathways, the most common of which is the Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathway. The prevalence of the ED pathway is puzzling as it produces only one ATP per glucose—half as much as the EMP pathway. We argue that the diversity of prokaryotic glucose metaboli ...
C 2 R
... contains a heme and reductase domain fused in a single polypeptide, which might explain why this enzyme has the highest activity ever reported for a P450 (1, 2). By using sitedirected and/or random mutagenesis, several research groups have succeeded in broadening the substrate selectivity of this en ...
... contains a heme and reductase domain fused in a single polypeptide, which might explain why this enzyme has the highest activity ever reported for a P450 (1, 2). By using sitedirected and/or random mutagenesis, several research groups have succeeded in broadening the substrate selectivity of this en ...
Sales Presentation Novozymes Ondea Pro
... Reduction of the CO2 emission Use of local raw materials ...
... Reduction of the CO2 emission Use of local raw materials ...
Chapter 25 Slides
... acyltransferase and thus inhibits beta-oxidation Citrate activates acetyl-CoA carboxylase Fatty acyl-CoAs inhibit acetyl-CoA carboxylase Hormones regulate ACC Glucagon activates lipases/inhibits ACC Insulin inhibits lipases/activates ACC Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company ...
... acyltransferase and thus inhibits beta-oxidation Citrate activates acetyl-CoA carboxylase Fatty acyl-CoAs inhibit acetyl-CoA carboxylase Hormones regulate ACC Glucagon activates lipases/inhibits ACC Insulin inhibits lipases/activates ACC Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company ...
metabolism during adventitious root primordium initiation
... The free sugar pool declines if cuttings do not contain starch (Stuart and Marth, 1937), but applied free sugars supplant starch hydrolysis only in the absence of starch (Bausor, 1942b), or under conditions of generally insufficient carbohydrate (Bausor, 1942a; Nanda and Jain, 1971a; Nanda and Jain, ...
... The free sugar pool declines if cuttings do not contain starch (Stuart and Marth, 1937), but applied free sugars supplant starch hydrolysis only in the absence of starch (Bausor, 1942b), or under conditions of generally insufficient carbohydrate (Bausor, 1942a; Nanda and Jain, 1971a; Nanda and Jain, ...
Production and Utilization of Acetate in Mammals
... are not much lower than those found in herbivores (Annison & Armstrong, 1970; Ballard, 1972). The source of this acetate in non-herbivores or in all starved mammals is not known, although long-chain Vol. 142 ...
... are not much lower than those found in herbivores (Annison & Armstrong, 1970; Ballard, 1972). The source of this acetate in non-herbivores or in all starved mammals is not known, although long-chain Vol. 142 ...
NPTEL-Module-2: Bioorganic Chemistry of Amino Acids Dr. S. S.
... of these targets and genes will lead to the drug discovery for disease treatment at protein level. By determining whether natural products are intrinsically suited for targeting disease genes and whether their enrichment among current drugs reflects a historical focus or special properties intrinsic ...
... of these targets and genes will lead to the drug discovery for disease treatment at protein level. By determining whether natural products are intrinsically suited for targeting disease genes and whether their enrichment among current drugs reflects a historical focus or special properties intrinsic ...
b156 - IPB Repository - Bogor Agricultural University
... Shoyu is a traditional Japanese soy sauce that is made from a mixture of soybeans and wheat using a well-established two-step fermentation process, which involves koji-mold fermentation to yield koji and brine fermentation to yield moromi. The Japanese people recognize five distinct types of shoyu, ...
... Shoyu is a traditional Japanese soy sauce that is made from a mixture of soybeans and wheat using a well-established two-step fermentation process, which involves koji-mold fermentation to yield koji and brine fermentation to yield moromi. The Japanese people recognize five distinct types of shoyu, ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... Glucose does not burn in cells, however. Instead, it is oxidized through a long series of carefully controlled redox reactions (see Chapter 8). These reactions are occurring, millions of times per minute, in your cells right now. Instead of releasing all of this energy as heat, the released free ene ...
... Glucose does not burn in cells, however. Instead, it is oxidized through a long series of carefully controlled redox reactions (see Chapter 8). These reactions are occurring, millions of times per minute, in your cells right now. Instead of releasing all of this energy as heat, the released free ene ...
Role of adiponectin in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid
... (27, 31, 35). AMPK activation triggers many metabolic changes that act to restore energy balance in muscle cells, such as increased glucose uptake and metabolism, and increased oxidation of fatty acids (36). Regulation of fatty acid oxidation pathway by AMPK involves phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA ca ...
... (27, 31, 35). AMPK activation triggers many metabolic changes that act to restore energy balance in muscle cells, such as increased glucose uptake and metabolism, and increased oxidation of fatty acids (36). Regulation of fatty acid oxidation pathway by AMPK involves phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA ca ...
Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Metabolism in the
... growth in a medium containing 5 mm [1-13C]Glc for 29 h gave rise to the 13C-NMR spectra shown in Figure 1. The largest resonances observed in the carbohydrate region of Figure 1A arose from C1,6 of mannitol and C1,19 of trehalose. The C1,6 of mannitol was the most highly labeled component in the tim ...
... growth in a medium containing 5 mm [1-13C]Glc for 29 h gave rise to the 13C-NMR spectra shown in Figure 1. The largest resonances observed in the carbohydrate region of Figure 1A arose from C1,6 of mannitol and C1,19 of trehalose. The C1,6 of mannitol was the most highly labeled component in the tim ...
Lipids Simple by Dr Sarma
... • 10 mg of Atorvastatin/Simvastatin OD, up to 40mg/day • Synthesis of Cholesterol is blocked by inhibiting the enzyme hydroxy-methyl-Glutaryl Coenzyme A reductase • Increase in LDL receptors – traps LDL from plasma • Decrease in LDL by 25-45%, and VLDL TG by 10-20% • Increase HDL by 8-10%, No action ...
... • 10 mg of Atorvastatin/Simvastatin OD, up to 40mg/day • Synthesis of Cholesterol is blocked by inhibiting the enzyme hydroxy-methyl-Glutaryl Coenzyme A reductase • Increase in LDL receptors – traps LDL from plasma • Decrease in LDL by 25-45%, and VLDL TG by 10-20% • Increase HDL by 8-10%, No action ...
Effect of low glycogen on ... metabolism in human muscle during ...
... (AMP deaminase) during the contraction. The larger increases in ADP and AMP during LG exercise are considered necessary to activate phosphofructokinase, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation under conditions in which glycolysis does not provide adequate substrate for formation of acetyl CoA a ...
... (AMP deaminase) during the contraction. The larger increases in ADP and AMP during LG exercise are considered necessary to activate phosphofructokinase, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation under conditions in which glycolysis does not provide adequate substrate for formation of acetyl CoA a ...
Fastness in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
... vivo phosphorylation event in Mtb was gained using a mass spectrometry-based approach to identify phosphorylation sites in Mtb proteins [4]. This provided insights into the range of functions regulated by Ser/Thr phosphorylation, underpinning the involvement of many STPK in regulating metabolic proc ...
... vivo phosphorylation event in Mtb was gained using a mass spectrometry-based approach to identify phosphorylation sites in Mtb proteins [4]. This provided insights into the range of functions regulated by Ser/Thr phosphorylation, underpinning the involvement of many STPK in regulating metabolic proc ...
Slides
... §S. cerevisiae is the only yeast that can produce ethanol and CO2 in such large quantities §S. cerevisiae ferments carbohydrates efficiently and dominates its environment due to the Crabtree effect §Unlike most fermenting organisms S. cerevisiae can also ferment sugar in the presence of O2 §As gluco ...
... §S. cerevisiae is the only yeast that can produce ethanol and CO2 in such large quantities §S. cerevisiae ferments carbohydrates efficiently and dominates its environment due to the Crabtree effect §Unlike most fermenting organisms S. cerevisiae can also ferment sugar in the presence of O2 §As gluco ...
Biochemistry2 2016 Lecture Glycogen Metabolism
... As glycogen hydrolysis is activated, glycogen synthesis is being turned off, otherwise it would be a futile cycle and glycogen synthesis would be competing for glucose molecules that are for export to muscles and other tissues. These pathways are reciprocally regulated by hormone triggered [cAMP] ca ...
... As glycogen hydrolysis is activated, glycogen synthesis is being turned off, otherwise it would be a futile cycle and glycogen synthesis would be competing for glucose molecules that are for export to muscles and other tissues. These pathways are reciprocally regulated by hormone triggered [cAMP] ca ...
glycogen metabolism
... • glycogen synthase, is the key regulatory enzyme in glycogen synthesis. • It can add glucosyl residues only if the polysaccharide chain already contains more than four residues. • Thus, glycogen synthesis requires a primer. – This priming function is carried out by glycogenin, a protein composed o ...
... • glycogen synthase, is the key regulatory enzyme in glycogen synthesis. • It can add glucosyl residues only if the polysaccharide chain already contains more than four residues. • Thus, glycogen synthesis requires a primer. – This priming function is carried out by glycogenin, a protein composed o ...
Table xx - Hindawi
... Salmonella infection with induced expression of several genes of this pathway suggesting that apoptosis is induced as a reaction to infection. This pathway shows differential expression between the lines after 24 h infection with Salmonella including more genes showing lower expression in line B tha ...
... Salmonella infection with induced expression of several genes of this pathway suggesting that apoptosis is induced as a reaction to infection. This pathway shows differential expression between the lines after 24 h infection with Salmonella including more genes showing lower expression in line B tha ...
Anaerobic Glucose and Serine Metabolism in Staphy
... Peptococcrrs pre'votii. We are grateful to Dr I. Leighton (Hull Royal Infirmary) for its identification by the biochemical tests of Schleifer & Kocur (1973) and Schleifer & Kloos (1975). Growth of organism. Bacteria were grown in the medium and under the conditions described by Horan et al. (1978~); ...
... Peptococcrrs pre'votii. We are grateful to Dr I. Leighton (Hull Royal Infirmary) for its identification by the biochemical tests of Schleifer & Kocur (1973) and Schleifer & Kloos (1975). Growth of organism. Bacteria were grown in the medium and under the conditions described by Horan et al. (1978~); ...
Fructose: Metabolic, Hedonic, and Societal
... endothelial nitric oxide synthase and reduction of nitric oxide (NO); de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and dyslipidemia; hepatic lipid droplet formation and steatosis; muscle insulin resistance; c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK-1) activation, contributing to hepatic insulin resistance, which promotes hyperinsu ...
... endothelial nitric oxide synthase and reduction of nitric oxide (NO); de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and dyslipidemia; hepatic lipid droplet formation and steatosis; muscle insulin resistance; c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK-1) activation, contributing to hepatic insulin resistance, which promotes hyperinsu ...
Terpene Biosynthesis
... encoding for HMGR in mulberry (Morus alba) 13 and Tagetes erecta 14 have also been isolated and characterized. Two cDNAs were found in marigold, one of which encoded a truncated form of the enzyme. Antisense expression of Arabidopsis thaliana hmg1 gene in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) was found to dec ...
... encoding for HMGR in mulberry (Morus alba) 13 and Tagetes erecta 14 have also been isolated and characterized. Two cDNAs were found in marigold, one of which encoded a truncated form of the enzyme. Antisense expression of Arabidopsis thaliana hmg1 gene in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) was found to dec ...
Stimulation of glycolysis in anaerobic elongation of pondweed
... 1999). In the last three species, elongation in the absence of oxygen has been reported to be greater than that in air. Strong tolerance to anaerobic conditions is known to be one of the adaptive characteristics of aquatic plants for their survival in anaerobic environments. However, the mechanisms ...
... 1999). In the last three species, elongation in the absence of oxygen has been reported to be greater than that in air. Strong tolerance to anaerobic conditions is known to be one of the adaptive characteristics of aquatic plants for their survival in anaerobic environments. However, the mechanisms ...
De novo production of resveratrol from glucose or
... MAL2-8c SUC2) (Entian and Kötter, 2007) was used for construction of resveratrol-producing strains. All the yeast strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. Yeast cells transformed with integrative plasmids were selected on synthetic complete (SC) dropout media. LB and SC drop-out media were ...
... MAL2-8c SUC2) (Entian and Kötter, 2007) was used for construction of resveratrol-producing strains. All the yeast strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. Yeast cells transformed with integrative plasmids were selected on synthetic complete (SC) dropout media. LB and SC drop-out media were ...
GC-content of synonymous codons profoundly influences amino
... investigate the amino acid usage and codon usage based on GCsyn (Table S1). Our analyses show evidences for a connection between the usage and the number of synonymous codons for each amino acid. First, within each group of amino acid described above, there is one amino acid (i.e. Arg, Leu or Ile) f ...
... investigate the amino acid usage and codon usage based on GCsyn (Table S1). Our analyses show evidences for a connection between the usage and the number of synonymous codons for each amino acid. First, within each group of amino acid described above, there is one amino acid (i.e. Arg, Leu or Ile) f ...
abbreviations and symbols for nucleic
... facilitate comparisons between two or more such extended molecules, as in the search for homologies. At the same time, it must retain sufficient flexibility to accommodate the large variety of polymers synthesized by poiymerases and be consistent, in this regard, with the rules governing the represe ...
... facilitate comparisons between two or more such extended molecules, as in the search for homologies. At the same time, it must retain sufficient flexibility to accommodate the large variety of polymers synthesized by poiymerases and be consistent, in this regard, with the rules governing the represe ...
Fatty acid synthesis
Fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors through action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases. It is an important part of the lipogenesis process, which – together with glycolysis – functions to create fats from blood sugar in living organisms.