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C nuclear magnetic resonance studies of anaerobic
... Hammond and Bowman (25) have shown that glycerol formation proceeds within the glyeosomal compartment of the trypanosome cell via reversal of the glycerol kinase reaction resulting in ATP synthesis by L-glycerol-3-phosphate(G-3-P)-dependent phosphorylation of ADP. This t h e r m o d y n a m i c a l ...
... Hammond and Bowman (25) have shown that glycerol formation proceeds within the glyeosomal compartment of the trypanosome cell via reversal of the glycerol kinase reaction resulting in ATP synthesis by L-glycerol-3-phosphate(G-3-P)-dependent phosphorylation of ADP. This t h e r m o d y n a m i c a l ...
The TSC1–TSC2 complex: a molecular switchboard controlling cell
... and Tsc2 overexpression [14,19]. Importantly, loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding Drosophila TOR, an essential upstream activator of S6K, also suppressed Tsc2 mutant phenotypes [25], and mutations reducing TOR and S6K activity were found to rescue the lethality caused by Tsc1 mutations [ ...
... and Tsc2 overexpression [14,19]. Importantly, loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding Drosophila TOR, an essential upstream activator of S6K, also suppressed Tsc2 mutant phenotypes [25], and mutations reducing TOR and S6K activity were found to rescue the lethality caused by Tsc1 mutations [ ...
Biochemistry 499
... Abnormal phosphorylation has been known as a cause or consequence of many human diseases, such as cancer. This stresses the importance of regulation of the enzymes involved in reversible phosphorylation, especially the protein phosphatases. There are relatively few Ser/Thr phosphatases in the cell a ...
... Abnormal phosphorylation has been known as a cause or consequence of many human diseases, such as cancer. This stresses the importance of regulation of the enzymes involved in reversible phosphorylation, especially the protein phosphatases. There are relatively few Ser/Thr phosphatases in the cell a ...
Pentose phosphates in nucleoside interconversion and catabolism
... the formation of Rib-1-P, prevented the formation of xanthosine, but not that of guanine and xanthine. The Rib-1-P recycling for guanosine deamination is operative in rat liver [14,34] and brain [35], and might be responsible for the presence of xanthosine in human serum and tissues [36]. In both th ...
... the formation of Rib-1-P, prevented the formation of xanthosine, but not that of guanine and xanthine. The Rib-1-P recycling for guanosine deamination is operative in rat liver [14,34] and brain [35], and might be responsible for the presence of xanthosine in human serum and tissues [36]. In both th ...
The role of sphingolipid metabolism in cutaneous
... mice [75]. They show increased desquamation of the SC causing desiccation resulting in early death [75]. Mutant mice with an inducible and conditional loss of glucosyltransferase have been published recently [76]. They show an ichthyosis like phenotype with hyperproliferation, an increased transepid ...
... mice [75]. They show increased desquamation of the SC causing desiccation resulting in early death [75]. Mutant mice with an inducible and conditional loss of glucosyltransferase have been published recently [76]. They show an ichthyosis like phenotype with hyperproliferation, an increased transepid ...
Significance of Intestinal Digestion of Dietary Protein
... activity of the small intestine is substantial and ideally, bags should be recovered at the end of the ileum using re-entrant cannulas. However, for practical purposes, fecal collection is more convenient. Estimates obtained from fecal collection of bags assume that bags and feed residues are not co ...
... activity of the small intestine is substantial and ideally, bags should be recovered at the end of the ileum using re-entrant cannulas. However, for practical purposes, fecal collection is more convenient. Estimates obtained from fecal collection of bags assume that bags and feed residues are not co ...
Streptococcus pneumoniae Senses a Human-like Sialic Acid
... in pneumococcal virulence (Dagkessamanskaia et al., 2004; Ibrahim et al., 2004a; Mascher et al., 2003, 2006; Throup et al., 2000). 308 Cell Host & Microbe 20, 307–317, September 14, 2016 ...
... in pneumococcal virulence (Dagkessamanskaia et al., 2004; Ibrahim et al., 2004a; Mascher et al., 2003, 2006; Throup et al., 2000). 308 Cell Host & Microbe 20, 307–317, September 14, 2016 ...
Engineering primary metabolic pathways of industrial
... 2001). This is a challenging approach to identify the genes that confer a prominent phenotype when the responsible mutation(s) are anywhere on the genome, but not at the place of the coding gene itself. For example, over-expression of certain sigma factors enhanced protein production in stationary p ...
... 2001). This is a challenging approach to identify the genes that confer a prominent phenotype when the responsible mutation(s) are anywhere on the genome, but not at the place of the coding gene itself. For example, over-expression of certain sigma factors enhanced protein production in stationary p ...
Open the publication - UEF Electronic Publications
... Pgc-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 alpha, is a coactivator involved in variety of regulatory functions in cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis. Due to its nature as co-activator, Pgc-1α regulates gene expression through protein-protein interactions with tra ...
... Pgc-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 alpha, is a coactivator involved in variety of regulatory functions in cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis. Due to its nature as co-activator, Pgc-1α regulates gene expression through protein-protein interactions with tra ...
Cell-Free Phospholipid Biosynthesis by Gene
... Fig 3. One-pot IVTT and acyl transfer reactions. The GPAT and LPAAT enzymes were either produced separately or concurrently in the presence of G3P and p-CoA substrates. The generated lipid products 16:0 LPA and DPPA were detected by LC-MS. (a) End-point measurements of 16:0 LPA and DPPA synthesized ...
... Fig 3. One-pot IVTT and acyl transfer reactions. The GPAT and LPAAT enzymes were either produced separately or concurrently in the presence of G3P and p-CoA substrates. The generated lipid products 16:0 LPA and DPPA were detected by LC-MS. (a) End-point measurements of 16:0 LPA and DPPA synthesized ...
Gas-Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry (GC
... photoautotrophs emerged by primary endosymbiosis during which a eukaryotic cell acquired cyanobacterium as a plastid. Secondary endosymbiosis whereby a non-photosynthetic eukaryote acquired a plastid by engulfing a photosynthetic eukaryote gave rise to diverse algal lineages [1]. In each endosymbiot ...
... photoautotrophs emerged by primary endosymbiosis during which a eukaryotic cell acquired cyanobacterium as a plastid. Secondary endosymbiosis whereby a non-photosynthetic eukaryote acquired a plastid by engulfing a photosynthetic eukaryote gave rise to diverse algal lineages [1]. In each endosymbiot ...
International Master of Science in Environmental Technology and
... “viable but non-culturable” (VBNC) the most common name that appears in the literature. Cells are not dead (are viable because they exhibit some of the characteristics previously described), but they simply do not divide in cultures. This naming problem is mainly because no large scale studies exis ...
... “viable but non-culturable” (VBNC) the most common name that appears in the literature. Cells are not dead (are viable because they exhibit some of the characteristics previously described), but they simply do not divide in cultures. This naming problem is mainly because no large scale studies exis ...
Genetic engineering of lactic acid bacteria to produce
... immobilization of Lactococcus lactis with unmodified cheap cellulosic carrier. Most typically, continuous fermentation with immobilized micro-organism is the preferred choice, whenever possible, to run an industrial-scale fermentation in which the product is secreted to the surrounding medium. In th ...
... immobilization of Lactococcus lactis with unmodified cheap cellulosic carrier. Most typically, continuous fermentation with immobilized micro-organism is the preferred choice, whenever possible, to run an industrial-scale fermentation in which the product is secreted to the surrounding medium. In th ...
The relevance of carbon dioxide metabolism in
... concentration of CO2 could have several effects on cellular physiology because it alters membrane properties, probably modifies the intracellular pH, and interferes with carboxylation reactions. In lactic acid bacteria, and in almost all organisms, CO2 is used as a substrate for several carboxylatio ...
... concentration of CO2 could have several effects on cellular physiology because it alters membrane properties, probably modifies the intracellular pH, and interferes with carboxylation reactions. In lactic acid bacteria, and in almost all organisms, CO2 is used as a substrate for several carboxylatio ...
Regulation of the Escherichia coli Tryptophan Operon by Early
... 3-methylanthranilic acid (3MA) and 7-methylindole, cause derepression of the trp operon through feedback inhibition of anthranilate synthetase. Tyrosine reverses 3MA or 7-methylindole derepression, apparently by increasing the amount of chorismic acid available to the tryptophan pathway. A mutant is ...
... 3-methylanthranilic acid (3MA) and 7-methylindole, cause derepression of the trp operon through feedback inhibition of anthranilate synthetase. Tyrosine reverses 3MA or 7-methylindole derepression, apparently by increasing the amount of chorismic acid available to the tryptophan pathway. A mutant is ...
Examining Escherichia coli glycolytic pathways, catabolite
... the measured labeling of bulk hexose6P, causing 13C to appear more gradually than in their downstream metabolites (3PG and PEP). There could be other reasons for the observed labeling patterns in ∆pfkA mutants, such as activation of unknown pathways associated with glycolysis (e.g., Δedd surprisingl ...
... the measured labeling of bulk hexose6P, causing 13C to appear more gradually than in their downstream metabolites (3PG and PEP). There could be other reasons for the observed labeling patterns in ∆pfkA mutants, such as activation of unknown pathways associated with glycolysis (e.g., Δedd surprisingl ...
Intrinsically Disordered Protein - Center for Data Analytics and
... Partially folded intermediates: In contrast to the two-state view of protein folding and denaturation, partially-unfolded intermediates between the ordered state and the random coil have been observed as the major species in urea, guanidine, and pH titration studies for several (but not all) protein ...
... Partially folded intermediates: In contrast to the two-state view of protein folding and denaturation, partially-unfolded intermediates between the ordered state and the random coil have been observed as the major species in urea, guanidine, and pH titration studies for several (but not all) protein ...
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Problem Unit Five
... Figure 2. The blood clotting cascade in humans. The active factors which are serine proteases, are underlined in bold green text. Active accessory factors, including calcium and membrane phospholipids (PL), are indicated in bold italic red text. Inactive factors are in plain text. Initiation of the ...
... Figure 2. The blood clotting cascade in humans. The active factors which are serine proteases, are underlined in bold green text. Active accessory factors, including calcium and membrane phospholipids (PL), are indicated in bold italic red text. Inactive factors are in plain text. Initiation of the ...
Gene Section FST (follistatin) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... bound activin is unable to initiate signal transduction and consequently follistatin is a potent antagonist of physiological activin signals. Of the three follistatin domains present in all follistatin isoforms, (Shimasaki et al., 1988) the first two, but not the third, are necessary for activin A b ...
... bound activin is unable to initiate signal transduction and consequently follistatin is a potent antagonist of physiological activin signals. Of the three follistatin domains present in all follistatin isoforms, (Shimasaki et al., 1988) the first two, but not the third, are necessary for activin A b ...
In Silico Prediction of the Peroxisomal Proteome in Fungi, Plants
... method to scan the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ORFs for potential peroxisomal proteins. Including both PTS1 and PTS2 motifs in their search, they found 18 new potential peroxisomal proteins. GFP fusions allowed them to confirm that about half of these proteins were truly located in the peroxisome. Anot ...
... method to scan the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ORFs for potential peroxisomal proteins. Including both PTS1 and PTS2 motifs in their search, they found 18 new potential peroxisomal proteins. GFP fusions allowed them to confirm that about half of these proteins were truly located in the peroxisome. Anot ...
Manipulating redox and ATP balancing for improved production of
... metabolism often involve overexpression and deletion of genes surrounding key central metabolites, such as pyruvate and acetyl-coA. In the case of metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for succinate production, efforts have mainly focused on the manipulation of key pyruvate metabolizing enzymes. ...
... metabolism often involve overexpression and deletion of genes surrounding key central metabolites, such as pyruvate and acetyl-coA. In the case of metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for succinate production, efforts have mainly focused on the manipulation of key pyruvate metabolizing enzymes. ...
Ana Maria da Silva Esteves Dissertation presented to obtain
... growth at supraoptimal NaCl concentration. This study demonstrates that x ...
... growth at supraoptimal NaCl concentration. This study demonstrates that x ...
PD-1 Pathway, Flyer - Bio
... inhibitor screening assays, and drug discovery. BPS is the only company to offer biotinylated versions of PD-1, ...
... inhibitor screening assays, and drug discovery. BPS is the only company to offer biotinylated versions of PD-1, ...
Metabolism of sucrose and its five isomers by
... putative EII(CB) protein that is " 60 % identical with AglA of K. pneumoniae. Coincident with our studies, publication of the complete genome sequence of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157 : H7 (Perna et al., 2001) also revealed two adjacent genes with extensive homology to those found in K. pneumoniae ...
... putative EII(CB) protein that is " 60 % identical with AglA of K. pneumoniae. Coincident with our studies, publication of the complete genome sequence of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157 : H7 (Perna et al., 2001) also revealed two adjacent genes with extensive homology to those found in K. pneumoniae ...
Paracrine signalling
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Signal_transduction_pathways.png?width=300)
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as opposed to endocrine factors (hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system), juxtacrine interactions, and autocrine signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. Factors then travel to nearby cells in which the gradient of factor received determines the outcome. However, the exact distance that paracrine factors can travel is not certain.Although paracrine signaling elicits a diverse array of responses in the induced cells, most paracrine factors utilize a relatively streamlined set of receptors and pathways. In fact, different organs in the body -even between different species - are known to utilize a similar sets of paracrine factors in differential development. The highly conserved receptors and pathways can be organized into four major families based on similar structures: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily. Binding of a paracrine factor to its respective receptor initiates signal transduction cascades, eliciting different responses.