Experimental Analysis of the Rice Mitochondrial
... 2004a; Howell et al., 2007). Rice seed embryos contain highly reduced protomitochondrial structures that mature to fully functional mitochondria through a complex biogenesis process involving induction of the general import pathway (Howell et al., 2006) and oxygen signaling of transcription (Howell ...
... 2004a; Howell et al., 2007). Rice seed embryos contain highly reduced protomitochondrial structures that mature to fully functional mitochondria through a complex biogenesis process involving induction of the general import pathway (Howell et al., 2006) and oxygen signaling of transcription (Howell ...
THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS
... can theoretically assume countless different conformations, and as a result the unfolded state of a protein is characterized by a high degree of conformational entropy. This entropy, and the hydrogen-bonding interactions of many groups in the polypeptide chain with solvent (water), tend to maintain ...
... can theoretically assume countless different conformations, and as a result the unfolded state of a protein is characterized by a high degree of conformational entropy. This entropy, and the hydrogen-bonding interactions of many groups in the polypeptide chain with solvent (water), tend to maintain ...
Role of Dietary Protein in Post-Exercise Muscle Reconditioning
... properties, which can be attributed to differences in digestion and absorption kinetics as well as amino acid composition [23, 24]. Whey protein is a soluble protein that is rapidly digested and absorbed following ingestion. In contrast, intact casein tends to clot in the stomach after ingestion, th ...
... properties, which can be attributed to differences in digestion and absorption kinetics as well as amino acid composition [23, 24]. Whey protein is a soluble protein that is rapidly digested and absorbed following ingestion. In contrast, intact casein tends to clot in the stomach after ingestion, th ...
CHAPTER 15 - GLYCOGEN METABOLISM AND
... these stimulatory phosphate groups. Note also that once activated, PP1 removes the phosphate group from glycogen synthase, thereby activating it in a reciprocal fashion. In the absence of hormonal binding, protein kinase (cAPK), phorphorylase kinase and phosphoprotein phosphatase are dephosphorylate ...
... these stimulatory phosphate groups. Note also that once activated, PP1 removes the phosphate group from glycogen synthase, thereby activating it in a reciprocal fashion. In the absence of hormonal binding, protein kinase (cAPK), phorphorylase kinase and phosphoprotein phosphatase are dephosphorylate ...
Safety Assessment of Milk Proteins and Protein Derivatives as Used
... hydrolysis of casein…or lactalbumin (whey protein) (21 CFR §184.1553). Additionally, Casein is GRAS as substances migrating to food from paper and paperboard products (21CFR §182.90). Sodium Caseinate is GRAS for human and animal consumption (21CFR§182.1748, 21CFR§582.1748). Whey is GRAS for human c ...
... hydrolysis of casein…or lactalbumin (whey protein) (21 CFR §184.1553). Additionally, Casein is GRAS as substances migrating to food from paper and paperboard products (21CFR §182.90). Sodium Caseinate is GRAS for human and animal consumption (21CFR§182.1748, 21CFR§582.1748). Whey is GRAS for human c ...
Protein-protein interactions: mechanisms and
... Protein–protein interactions form the proteinaceous network, which plays a central role in numerous processes in the cell. This review highlights the main structures, properties of contact surfaces, and forces involved in protein–protein interactions. The properties of protein contact surfaces depen ...
... Protein–protein interactions form the proteinaceous network, which plays a central role in numerous processes in the cell. This review highlights the main structures, properties of contact surfaces, and forces involved in protein–protein interactions. The properties of protein contact surfaces depen ...
as a PDF
... In contrast to this situation, the regulation of heme-requiring respiration remains to be elucidated. We reported recently that respiration-permissive growth of L. lactis on glucose as a carbon source is diauxic. Cells grow initially via fermentation. As sugar is depleted from the medium, respiratio ...
... In contrast to this situation, the regulation of heme-requiring respiration remains to be elucidated. We reported recently that respiration-permissive growth of L. lactis on glucose as a carbon source is diauxic. Cells grow initially via fermentation. As sugar is depleted from the medium, respiratio ...
Chapter 4 - Open Science Online
... ATP results in renal tubular dysfunction producing loss of electrolytes and amino acids. This results in non-specific aminoaciduria, hypokalemia and hyponatremia. There is no edema or hypertension. This produces a chronic tubulointerstitial disease called Mesoamerican nephropathy. The cellular deple ...
... ATP results in renal tubular dysfunction producing loss of electrolytes and amino acids. This results in non-specific aminoaciduria, hypokalemia and hyponatremia. There is no edema or hypertension. This produces a chronic tubulointerstitial disease called Mesoamerican nephropathy. The cellular deple ...
Molecular Recognition of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins by
... Molecular recognition is the process by which one molecule associates with another molecule via specific noncovalent interactions. The specificity of these interactions allows molecules to assemble in manner that is predetermined by their structural attributes, including size, shape, and polarity. I ...
... Molecular recognition is the process by which one molecule associates with another molecule via specific noncovalent interactions. The specificity of these interactions allows molecules to assemble in manner that is predetermined by their structural attributes, including size, shape, and polarity. I ...
Focus Issue on Plastid Biology Update Novel
... as iron-sulfur (FeS)-clusters and quinones and also excitable systems in photosynthesis which all can generate ROS. The redox state of the aqueous phase is dominated by soluble redox metabolites, which include NAD(P)H, glutathione and e.g. metabolite pairs such as malate and oxaloacetate, and in add ...
... as iron-sulfur (FeS)-clusters and quinones and also excitable systems in photosynthesis which all can generate ROS. The redox state of the aqueous phase is dominated by soluble redox metabolites, which include NAD(P)H, glutathione and e.g. metabolite pairs such as malate and oxaloacetate, and in add ...
Distribution and phylogenies of enzymes of the Embden
... Summary Enzymes of the gluconeogenic/glycolytic pathway (the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway), the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, the reductive pentose phosphate cycle and the Entner-Doudoroff pathway are widely distributed and are often considered to be central to the origins of metabolis ...
... Summary Enzymes of the gluconeogenic/glycolytic pathway (the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway), the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, the reductive pentose phosphate cycle and the Entner-Doudoroff pathway are widely distributed and are often considered to be central to the origins of metabolis ...
Metabolomics based gene function annotation in Escherichia coli
... mutants. Additionally, metabolomics can be used to explore metabolic diversity of different accessions/strains, tissues, and cell types of an organism. Once the metabolic diversity has been described, the genetic-basis for the metabolic and/or phenotypic differences can be elucidated using other omi ...
... mutants. Additionally, metabolomics can be used to explore metabolic diversity of different accessions/strains, tissues, and cell types of an organism. Once the metabolic diversity has been described, the genetic-basis for the metabolic and/or phenotypic differences can be elucidated using other omi ...
Adjeitey_Cyril _Nii-Klu_2013_ thesis
... UCP1 is a member of the mitochondrial transmembrane anion carrier protein superfamily and is required to mediate adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Once activated, UCP1 uncouples mitochondrial respiration from ATP synthesis, thereby wasting the protonmotive force formed across the ...
... UCP1 is a member of the mitochondrial transmembrane anion carrier protein superfamily and is required to mediate adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Once activated, UCP1 uncouples mitochondrial respiration from ATP synthesis, thereby wasting the protonmotive force formed across the ...
A 1-Megadalton Translocation Complex Containing
... shown to be exposed to the stromal compartment (Jackson et al., 1998). The stromal domain of Tic110 has been proposed to function as a molecular scaffold by binding the preprotein and recruiting the stromal chaperone Hsp93 with the assistance of the putative cochaperone Tic40 (Akita et al., 1997; Ni ...
... shown to be exposed to the stromal compartment (Jackson et al., 1998). The stromal domain of Tic110 has been proposed to function as a molecular scaffold by binding the preprotein and recruiting the stromal chaperone Hsp93 with the assistance of the putative cochaperone Tic40 (Akita et al., 1997; Ni ...
Biosynthesis of estradiol. Cloning and characterization of rodent
... 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17HSDs)/17-ketosteroid reductases (17KSRs) modulate the biological activity of certain estrogens and androgens by catalyzing dehydrogenase and reductase reactions between 17β-hydroxy and 17-ketosteroids. In the present study, cDNAs encoding mouse and rat 17HSD/KSR1 ...
... 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17HSDs)/17-ketosteroid reductases (17KSRs) modulate the biological activity of certain estrogens and androgens by catalyzing dehydrogenase and reductase reactions between 17β-hydroxy and 17-ketosteroids. In the present study, cDNAs encoding mouse and rat 17HSD/KSR1 ...
Understanding the acetylome: translating targeted
... consequence of lysine mutation on 14-3-3-associated interaction with phosphopeptides. A triple-acetylation (K50 ⫹ K118 ⫹ K123Q) mutant did not bind phosphopeptides, indicating that acetylation directly affects the capacity of 14-3-3 proteins to interact with phosphorylated proteins (12). Thus these ...
... consequence of lysine mutation on 14-3-3-associated interaction with phosphopeptides. A triple-acetylation (K50 ⫹ K118 ⫹ K123Q) mutant did not bind phosphopeptides, indicating that acetylation directly affects the capacity of 14-3-3 proteins to interact with phosphorylated proteins (12). Thus these ...
Deficient FGF signaling causes optic nerve
... nerve. Genetic evidence further supports that the formation of an Frs2α-Shp2 complex and its recruitment to FGF receptors are crucial for downstream ERK signaling in this process, whereas constitutively active Ras signaling can rescue ocular coloboma in the FGF signaling mutants. Our results thus re ...
... nerve. Genetic evidence further supports that the formation of an Frs2α-Shp2 complex and its recruitment to FGF receptors are crucial for downstream ERK signaling in this process, whereas constitutively active Ras signaling can rescue ocular coloboma in the FGF signaling mutants. Our results thus re ...
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... 1983-1990). The modi?ed forms of thrombin described in the reports above contain bulky or charged moieties that occupy the active site and also obscure additional regions of the surface of thrombin that bind substrate (Bode. W.. et al.. Embo J (1989) 8: 3467-3475). Some of the chemically modi?ed thr ...
... 1983-1990). The modi?ed forms of thrombin described in the reports above contain bulky or charged moieties that occupy the active site and also obscure additional regions of the surface of thrombin that bind substrate (Bode. W.. et al.. Embo J (1989) 8: 3467-3475). Some of the chemically modi?ed thr ...
Evolution and Function of the Plant Cell Wall
... likely to represent key amino acids involved in catalysis, substrate binding, protein-protein interactions, and structural elements required for GAUT1 function. The results show that the GAUTs, GATLs, and GATRs have a different evolutionary origin than other plant GT8 genes, were likely acquired fro ...
... likely to represent key amino acids involved in catalysis, substrate binding, protein-protein interactions, and structural elements required for GAUT1 function. The results show that the GAUTs, GATLs, and GATRs have a different evolutionary origin than other plant GT8 genes, were likely acquired fro ...
Mechanisms underlying the essential role of mitochondrial
... The age-related accumulation of TAGs in LDs is a longevity assurance process that extends yeast chronological lifespan independently of the network that integrates ceramide/ sphingolipid synthesis with nutrient-sensing signaling pathways and protein kinases [69, 70]. TAGs may delay yeast chronologic ...
... The age-related accumulation of TAGs in LDs is a longevity assurance process that extends yeast chronological lifespan independently of the network that integrates ceramide/ sphingolipid synthesis with nutrient-sensing signaling pathways and protein kinases [69, 70]. TAGs may delay yeast chronologic ...
Key Residues Controlling Binding of Diverse Ligands to Human
... All five of the ligands surveyed bound more tightly to CYP2A13 than to CYP2A6 (Table 2) but with a substantial range in both overall affinities and in the differences in affinity between the two enzymes. The ligand that bound the tightest to both enzymes is 8-methoxypsoralen. In contrast, nicotine h ...
... All five of the ligands surveyed bound more tightly to CYP2A13 than to CYP2A6 (Table 2) but with a substantial range in both overall affinities and in the differences in affinity between the two enzymes. The ligand that bound the tightest to both enzymes is 8-methoxypsoralen. In contrast, nicotine h ...
REVIEWS
... (CcpC, CcpA and CodY) and four metabolites (citrate, FBP, GTP and isoleucine or valine) function together to determine the extent to which pyruvate and acetyl CoA enter the TCA branch of the citric acid cycle (FIG. 2). A fifth metabolite also plays a part posttranslationally. Citrate synthase is sub ...
... (CcpC, CcpA and CodY) and four metabolites (citrate, FBP, GTP and isoleucine or valine) function together to determine the extent to which pyruvate and acetyl CoA enter the TCA branch of the citric acid cycle (FIG. 2). A fifth metabolite also plays a part posttranslationally. Citrate synthase is sub ...
From Sequence to Function
... The relatively new discipline of genomics has great implications for the study of protein structure and function. The genome-sequencing programs are providing more amino-acid sequences of proteins of unknown function to analyze than ever before, and many computational and experimental tools are now ...
... The relatively new discipline of genomics has great implications for the study of protein structure and function. The genome-sequencing programs are providing more amino-acid sequences of proteins of unknown function to analyze than ever before, and many computational and experimental tools are now ...
Gene Section MUC4 (mucin 4, cell surface associated) in Oncology and Haematology
... MUC4 in diseased condition. Initial studies about MUC4 transcriptional regulation showed that Sp1 and Sp3 were important regulators of MUC4 basal expression. EGF and TGF-b growth factors and PKC signaling pathway stimulation results in up regulation of the promoter activity. Whereas TNF-a and IFN-g ...
... MUC4 in diseased condition. Initial studies about MUC4 transcriptional regulation showed that Sp1 and Sp3 were important regulators of MUC4 basal expression. EGF and TGF-b growth factors and PKC signaling pathway stimulation results in up regulation of the promoter activity. Whereas TNF-a and IFN-g ...
Sex-specific alterations in glucose homeostasis and metabolic
... tissue in Casp2−/− mice Glucose homeostasis can be related to body composition. As a leaner phenotype has been previously observed in aged Casp2−/− mice,8,9 we wanted to investigate this further and focus on the role of caspase-2 in lipid metabolism. First, the possible contribution of food intake t ...
... tissue in Casp2−/− mice Glucose homeostasis can be related to body composition. As a leaner phenotype has been previously observed in aged Casp2−/− mice,8,9 we wanted to investigate this further and focus on the role of caspase-2 in lipid metabolism. First, the possible contribution of food intake t ...
Paracrine signalling
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as opposed to endocrine factors (hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system), juxtacrine interactions, and autocrine signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. Factors then travel to nearby cells in which the gradient of factor received determines the outcome. However, the exact distance that paracrine factors can travel is not certain.Although paracrine signaling elicits a diverse array of responses in the induced cells, most paracrine factors utilize a relatively streamlined set of receptors and pathways. In fact, different organs in the body -even between different species - are known to utilize a similar sets of paracrine factors in differential development. The highly conserved receptors and pathways can be organized into four major families based on similar structures: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily. Binding of a paracrine factor to its respective receptor initiates signal transduction cascades, eliciting different responses.