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BHS 150.1 – Course I Date: 10/18/12, 1st hour Notetaker: Laurel
BHS 150.1 – Course I Date: 10/18/12, 1st hour Notetaker: Laurel

... Palmitate (versus palmitoyl) means it’s out in cytosol and needs to be activated to be transported to mitochondria **For exam, she will give us an inactive FA in cytosol that needs to be activated for transport into mitochondria ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

...  Urea contains two amino groups: one is from inorganic ammonium (NH4+) and the other is derived from the side chain amine group of amino acid aspartate as shown in the color above.  Formation of carbamoyl phosphate: CO2 + +NH4 + 2 ATP + H2O Catalyzed by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase ...
Core Concept Cheat Sheet
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... ! Functional group: The specific atom or group of atoms that confers a particular chemical property on a biomolecule. ! Organic Compounds: Molecules containing covalently bonded carbon backbones are called organic compounds. ! Hydrolysis: Cleavage of a bond, such as an anhydride or peptide bond, by ...
Unit 2 - Chemistry and Enzymes
Unit 2 - Chemistry and Enzymes

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Branch Chain Amino Acids

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Nonstandard amino acids are found in modified proteins
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... carbons in α-ketoglutarate (without having to go through any other pathways in intermediary or carbohydrate metabolism.) For each of the amino acids you list, indicate which category the synthetic pathway length belongs in, choosing only from these three categories of length (in terms of number of s ...
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What Do Enzymes Do

... How Do Cells Keep Chemical Reactions in Balance? Cells are expert recyclers. They disassemble large molecules into simpler building blocks and then use those building blocks to create the new components they require. The breaking down of complex organic molecules occurs via catabolic pathways and us ...
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Amino acid synthesis

Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are produced from other compounds. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesise all amino acids. Humans are excellent example of this, since humans can only synthesise 11 of the 20 standard amino acids (aka non-essential amino acid), and in time of accelerated growth, arginine, can be considered an essential amino acid.A fundamental problem for biological systems is to obtain nitrogen in an easily usable form. This problem is solved by certain microorganisms capable of reducing the inert N≡N molecule (nitrogen gas) to two molecules of ammonia in one of the most remarkable reactions in biochemistry. Ammonia is the source of nitrogen for all the amino acids. The carbon backbones come from the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, or the citric acid cycle.In amino acid production, one encounters an important problem in biosynthesis, namely stereochemical control. Because all amino acids except glycine are chiral, biosynthetic pathways must generate the correct isomer with high fidelity. In each of the 19 pathways for the generation of chiral amino acids, the stereochemistry at the α-carbon atom is established by a transamination reaction that involves pyridoxal phosphate. Almost all the transaminases that catalyze these reactions descend from a common ancestor, illustrating once again that effective solutions to biochemical problems are retained throughout evolution.Biosynthetic pathways are often highly regulated such that building-blocks are synthesized only when supplies are low. Very often, a high concentration of the final product of a pathway inhibits the activity of enzymes that function early in the pathway. Often present are allosteric enzymes capable of sensing and responding to concentrations of regulatory species. These enzymes are similar in functional properties to aspartate transcarbamoylase and its regulators. Feedback and allosteric mechanisms ensure that all twenty amino acids are maintained in sufficient amounts for protein synthesis and other processes.
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