lecture10
... assumption was not correct, but the convention stuck. For this reason we have to throw a negative sign into the equation. Ok, now how do we use this equation to do something useful? Oxidation/Reduction and half reactions. We talked about half reactions before. In reactions that involve oxidation and ...
... assumption was not correct, but the convention stuck. For this reason we have to throw a negative sign into the equation. Ok, now how do we use this equation to do something useful? Oxidation/Reduction and half reactions. We talked about half reactions before. In reactions that involve oxidation and ...
Developing Lewis structures for organic molecules 1) Draw the full
... • MOs can be σ or π • molecular orbitals can be bonding, non-bonding or anti-bonding • a chart showing the relative energies of the MOs to each other and to the AOs from which they are derived is known as an MO diagram. Consider the H2 molecule: we have ... In phase: ...
... • MOs can be σ or π • molecular orbitals can be bonding, non-bonding or anti-bonding • a chart showing the relative energies of the MOs to each other and to the AOs from which they are derived is known as an MO diagram. Consider the H2 molecule: we have ... In phase: ...
Organic Compounds Containing C, H and O
... 1. Arrange the following in the increasing order of their acid strength. Benzoic acid, 4-nitrobenzoic acid, 3, 4-dinitro benzoic acid, 4-methoxy benzoic acid. Ans. Increasing order of acidic strength is: 4-methoxy benzoic acid < benzoic acid < 4-nitrobenzoic acid < 3, 4-dinitrobenzoic acid. reason: ...
... 1. Arrange the following in the increasing order of their acid strength. Benzoic acid, 4-nitrobenzoic acid, 3, 4-dinitro benzoic acid, 4-methoxy benzoic acid. Ans. Increasing order of acidic strength is: 4-methoxy benzoic acid < benzoic acid < 4-nitrobenzoic acid < 3, 4-dinitrobenzoic acid. reason: ...
Summer Scholar Report
... only produces sodium ions and hydrogen gas during the formation of the alkoxide intermediate. Thus, these putative side products are not expected. The goal of this research is to elucidate better reaction conditions than current methods for the tosylation of alcohols that will be applicable to ally ...
... only produces sodium ions and hydrogen gas during the formation of the alkoxide intermediate. Thus, these putative side products are not expected. The goal of this research is to elucidate better reaction conditions than current methods for the tosylation of alcohols that will be applicable to ally ...
Document
... • There will be two possible Wittig routes to an alkene. • Analyze the structure retrosynthetically, i.e., work the synthesis out backworks • Disconnect (break the bond of the target that can be formed by a known reaction) the doubly bonded carbons. One becomes the aldehyde or ketone, the other the ...
... • There will be two possible Wittig routes to an alkene. • Analyze the structure retrosynthetically, i.e., work the synthesis out backworks • Disconnect (break the bond of the target that can be formed by a known reaction) the doubly bonded carbons. One becomes the aldehyde or ketone, the other the ...
Chem 310 Lectures by: Dr. Muhammad D. Bala Office: Block H, 3
... The Jahn-Teller Theorem was published in 1937 and states: “Any non-linear molecular system in a degenerate electronic state will be unstable and will undergo distortion to form a system of lower symmetry and lower energy thereby removing the degeneracy” In simple terms it means that no nonlinear mol ...
... The Jahn-Teller Theorem was published in 1937 and states: “Any non-linear molecular system in a degenerate electronic state will be unstable and will undergo distortion to form a system of lower symmetry and lower energy thereby removing the degeneracy” In simple terms it means that no nonlinear mol ...
Name - Chemistry 302
... simultaneously in order to conserve charge. We can “see” these changes if we assign oxidation numbers to the reactants and products. For rules about assigning oxidation numbers, check the ebook’s list of rules. In order to balance REDOX reactions, you must first be able to assign oxidation numbers w ...
... simultaneously in order to conserve charge. We can “see” these changes if we assign oxidation numbers to the reactants and products. For rules about assigning oxidation numbers, check the ebook’s list of rules. In order to balance REDOX reactions, you must first be able to assign oxidation numbers w ...
N-METAL COMPOUNDS
... lFigure 6-4 (p. 154) shows that iron(0) has 8 electrons in the 4s and 3d orbitals. Ferrous ion (Fern) then will have 6 outer-shell electrons. This 6 plus the 12 n- electrons of the two cyclopentadienide rings makes the 18-electron total and the krypton electronic configuration. ...
... lFigure 6-4 (p. 154) shows that iron(0) has 8 electrons in the 4s and 3d orbitals. Ferrous ion (Fern) then will have 6 outer-shell electrons. This 6 plus the 12 n- electrons of the two cyclopentadienide rings makes the 18-electron total and the krypton electronic configuration. ...
Nucleophilic Addition: The Grignard reagent
... metal and an alkyl halide results in the formation of a metal to carbon bond. The organometallic reaction occurring is called an oxidative addition; the alkyl halide is added to the metal and, in the process, the metal is oxidized. Of course, if the metal is oxidized, something must be reduced. That ...
... metal and an alkyl halide results in the formation of a metal to carbon bond. The organometallic reaction occurring is called an oxidative addition; the alkyl halide is added to the metal and, in the process, the metal is oxidized. Of course, if the metal is oxidized, something must be reduced. That ...
10 bioenergetics 03
... methanogenesis is from proton translocation via electron transfer to the methyl group generated during metabolism. Methanogenesis = anaerobic methyl respiration ...
... methanogenesis is from proton translocation via electron transfer to the methyl group generated during metabolism. Methanogenesis = anaerobic methyl respiration ...
POLYMER END-GROUP ANALYSIS: THE DETERMINATION OF
... Our everyday lives are also greatly influenced by polymers that are not obtained from natural sources. Synthetic polymers are known to us as various fibers (e.g., Dacron), plastics (e.g., polyvinyl chloride), abbreviated PVC, and polystyrene), and elastomers. See Fig. 1. Like PVC and polystyrene, th ...
... Our everyday lives are also greatly influenced by polymers that are not obtained from natural sources. Synthetic polymers are known to us as various fibers (e.g., Dacron), plastics (e.g., polyvinyl chloride), abbreviated PVC, and polystyrene), and elastomers. See Fig. 1. Like PVC and polystyrene, th ...
The Aldol Condensation Preparation of 4
... While this synthesis lacks industrial significance at present, it is of interest in that it makes it possible to synthesize the rubber from coal, through the preparation of calcium carbide, acetylene and acetaldehyde. These latter steps in the process have been put on an industrial basis. Organic Ch ...
... While this synthesis lacks industrial significance at present, it is of interest in that it makes it possible to synthesize the rubber from coal, through the preparation of calcium carbide, acetylene and acetaldehyde. These latter steps in the process have been put on an industrial basis. Organic Ch ...
Word - chemmybear.com
... Lone pairs of electrons exert more repulsive force than shared pairs of electrons. The fewer lone pairs result in larger bond angles. Draw or visualize the Lewis structures to answer. C T-shaped Draw the Lewis structure. Cl has 7 valence electrons and uses 3 to form bonds to the three F’s. Four elec ...
... Lone pairs of electrons exert more repulsive force than shared pairs of electrons. The fewer lone pairs result in larger bond angles. Draw or visualize the Lewis structures to answer. C T-shaped Draw the Lewis structure. Cl has 7 valence electrons and uses 3 to form bonds to the three F’s. Four elec ...
Document
... • Usually Dissolved in Solvent (CH3CO2H, CH2Cl2) • Can be Bubbled Through Solution as a Gas • Addition of HCl not Generally Useful (Works w/ Silica Gel) ...
... • Usually Dissolved in Solvent (CH3CO2H, CH2Cl2) • Can be Bubbled Through Solution as a Gas • Addition of HCl not Generally Useful (Works w/ Silica Gel) ...
Addition/elimination under acidic conditions
... Predict the products of nucleophilic acyl substitutions Predict the direction of equilibrium and draw energy diagrams for the mechanisms of nucleophilic acyl substitution taking into account Le Chatlier’s principle ...
... Predict the products of nucleophilic acyl substitutions Predict the direction of equilibrium and draw energy diagrams for the mechanisms of nucleophilic acyl substitution taking into account Le Chatlier’s principle ...
File
... adding and subtracting wave functions) gives n MOs (new wave functions) • MOs are arranged in order of increasing energy • MO filling is governed by the same rules as for atomic orbitals: • Aufbau principle: fill beginning with LUMO • Pauli exclusion principle: no more than 2e- in a MO • Hund’s rule ...
... adding and subtracting wave functions) gives n MOs (new wave functions) • MOs are arranged in order of increasing energy • MO filling is governed by the same rules as for atomic orbitals: • Aufbau principle: fill beginning with LUMO • Pauli exclusion principle: no more than 2e- in a MO • Hund’s rule ...
Woodward–Hoffmann rules
The Woodward–Hoffmann rules, devised by Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann, are a set of rules in organic chemistry predicting the barrier heights of pericyclic reactions based upon conservation of orbital symmetry. The Woodward–Hoffmann rules can be applied to understand electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions (including cheletropic reactions), sigmatropic reactions, and group transfer reactions. Reactions are classified as allowed if the electronic barrier is low, and forbidden if the barrier is high. Forbidden reactions can still take place but require significantly more energy.The Woodward–Hoffmann rules were first formulated to explain the striking stereospecificity of electrocyclic reactions under thermal and photochemical control. Thermolysis of the substituted cyclobutene trans-1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclobutene (1) gave only one diastereomer, the (E,E)-3,4-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene (2) as shown below; the (Z,Z) and the (E,Z) diastereomers were not detected in the reaction. Similarly, thermolysis of cis-1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclobutene (3) gave only the (E,Z) diastereomer (4).Due to their elegance and simplicity, the Woodward–Hoffmann rules are credited with first exemplifying the power of molecular orbital theory to experimental chemists. Hoffmann was awarded the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work, shared with Kenichi Fukui who developed a similar model using frontier molecular orbital (FMO) theory; because Woodward had died two years before, he was not eligible to win what would have been his second Nobel Prize for Chemistry.