A-level Chemistry Question paper Unit 4 - Further Physical
... (c) Propylamine, CH3CH2CH2NH2, can be formed either by nucleophilic substitution or by reduction. (i) Draw the structure of a compound which can undergo nucleophilic substitution to form propylamine. ...
... (c) Propylamine, CH3CH2CH2NH2, can be formed either by nucleophilic substitution or by reduction. (i) Draw the structure of a compound which can undergo nucleophilic substitution to form propylamine. ...
Electophilic Aromatic Substituion - Towson University
... Inductive effect - withdrawal or donation of electrons through s bonds. Controlled by electronegativity and the polarity of bonds in functional groups, i.e. halogens, C=O, CN, and NO2 withdraw electrons through s bond connected to ring. Alkyl group inductive effect is to donate electrons. ...
... Inductive effect - withdrawal or donation of electrons through s bonds. Controlled by electronegativity and the polarity of bonds in functional groups, i.e. halogens, C=O, CN, and NO2 withdraw electrons through s bond connected to ring. Alkyl group inductive effect is to donate electrons. ...
Reduction
... These potentials may be used to derive values of Eo for other half-reactions such as 8.47. ...
... These potentials may be used to derive values of Eo for other half-reactions such as 8.47. ...
Topic 1: Quantitative Chemistry
... 4.1.5: State that transition elements can form more than one ion. 4.1.6: Predict whether a compound of two elements would be ionic from the position of the elements in the periodic table or negativity values.4.1.7: State the formula of common polyatomic ions formed by non-metals in periods 2 and 3. ...
... 4.1.5: State that transition elements can form more than one ion. 4.1.6: Predict whether a compound of two elements would be ionic from the position of the elements in the periodic table or negativity values.4.1.7: State the formula of common polyatomic ions formed by non-metals in periods 2 and 3. ...
A Model for Catalytically Active Zinc(I1) Ion in Liver
... (11). Identification of reaction products was performed by coinjection of reaction mixtures with standards onto HPLC column and/or by IH N M R measurements of isolated products. HPLC analysis was performed by a 5 pm Lichrospher Si60 column (250 X $50 mm) eluted with 1:l n-hexanelethyl acetate at 1.5 ...
... (11). Identification of reaction products was performed by coinjection of reaction mixtures with standards onto HPLC column and/or by IH N M R measurements of isolated products. HPLC analysis was performed by a 5 pm Lichrospher Si60 column (250 X $50 mm) eluted with 1:l n-hexanelethyl acetate at 1.5 ...
Williamson Ether Synthesis
... Ethers are prepared by SN2 reactions. Ethers can be prepared by the reaction of an alkoxide with a primary haloalkane or sulfonate ester under SN2 conditions. The parent alcohol of the alkoxide can be used as the solvent, however other polar solvents are often better, such as DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxid ...
... Ethers are prepared by SN2 reactions. Ethers can be prepared by the reaction of an alkoxide with a primary haloalkane or sulfonate ester under SN2 conditions. The parent alcohol of the alkoxide can be used as the solvent, however other polar solvents are often better, such as DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxid ...
Aldehydes and Ketones
... under mild acid catalysis. If you take a good look at the nucleophile and reaction conditions, you’ll be able to figure out which way it will go... Reactivity – aldehydes are much more reactive than ketones. ‘nuff said. Addition of water or alcohols (to from a hydrate or alcoholate (ketal)). Ketones ...
... under mild acid catalysis. If you take a good look at the nucleophile and reaction conditions, you’ll be able to figure out which way it will go... Reactivity – aldehydes are much more reactive than ketones. ‘nuff said. Addition of water or alcohols (to from a hydrate or alcoholate (ketal)). Ketones ...
Mechanism of Oxidation of Methionine by Bromate based on Semi
... In vitro studies indicates that bromates interact with sulfuryldyl containing compounds e.g. Gluthathione methionine etc (Tanaka et al ; 1984) in some parts of the body. Methionine is one of the sulfurydyl containing amino acid. Natural proteins in the body as well as man-made proteins used for ther ...
... In vitro studies indicates that bromates interact with sulfuryldyl containing compounds e.g. Gluthathione methionine etc (Tanaka et al ; 1984) in some parts of the body. Methionine is one of the sulfurydyl containing amino acid. Natural proteins in the body as well as man-made proteins used for ther ...
10.3 Ligand Field Theory 10.3 Ligand Field Theory
... e- from the ligands → all six bonding MO e- from M ion → t2g & eg* - strong-field ligands: strong interaction b/w ligands & M ions : large t2g & eg* split : ∆o large - weak-field ligands: weak interaction b/w ligands & M ions : smaller t2g & eg* split : ∆o small - d0-d3 ...
... e- from the ligands → all six bonding MO e- from M ion → t2g & eg* - strong-field ligands: strong interaction b/w ligands & M ions : large t2g & eg* split : ∆o large - weak-field ligands: weak interaction b/w ligands & M ions : smaller t2g & eg* split : ∆o small - d0-d3 ...
Unit 8: Equilibrium Content Outline: Shifting Equilibrium and Le
... 1. The “shift” (Direction) is influenced by “stress factors”, such as concentration, pressure, and temperature. C. The principle states “If a system, at equilibrium, is subjected to a “stress”, the equilibrium will shift in the direction that tends to relieve the stress on the system. D. When a stre ...
... 1. The “shift” (Direction) is influenced by “stress factors”, such as concentration, pressure, and temperature. C. The principle states “If a system, at equilibrium, is subjected to a “stress”, the equilibrium will shift in the direction that tends to relieve the stress on the system. D. When a stre ...
Eötvös Loránd Science University Faculty of Sciences Department of
... 7. Course Objectives: The course comprises two distinct parts. In the first part, the student is informed about the status and role of reaction kinetics within physical chemistry. S/he understands the molecular and statistical thermodynamical foundations of kinetics basically in gas phase. S/he will ...
... 7. Course Objectives: The course comprises two distinct parts. In the first part, the student is informed about the status and role of reaction kinetics within physical chemistry. S/he understands the molecular and statistical thermodynamical foundations of kinetics basically in gas phase. S/he will ...
Topics 10 and 20 Outline
... • Description and explanation of optical isomers in simple organic molecules. • Distinction between optical isomers using a polarimeter. Guidance: • The term geometric isomers as recommended by IUPAC is now obsolete and cis-trans isomers and E/Z isomers should be encouraged in the teaching programme ...
... • Description and explanation of optical isomers in simple organic molecules. • Distinction between optical isomers using a polarimeter. Guidance: • The term geometric isomers as recommended by IUPAC is now obsolete and cis-trans isomers and E/Z isomers should be encouraged in the teaching programme ...
無投影片標題
... Classes of alkyl halides • Haloalkanes are classified into primary, secondary and tertiary, based on the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon atom which is bonded to the halogen atom ...
... Classes of alkyl halides • Haloalkanes are classified into primary, secondary and tertiary, based on the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon atom which is bonded to the halogen atom ...
Standard Thermodynamic Functions of Reaction
... Standard Enthalpy of Formation Standard Enthalpy of Formation (or Standard Heat of Formation) of a pure substance at T is for the process in which 1 mol of the substance in its standard state at T is formed from the corresponding separated elements at T, each element being in its reference form. ...
... Standard Enthalpy of Formation Standard Enthalpy of Formation (or Standard Heat of Formation) of a pure substance at T is for the process in which 1 mol of the substance in its standard state at T is formed from the corresponding separated elements at T, each element being in its reference form. ...
Atmospheric Chemistry: CHEM-5151 / ATOC-5151
... For a source of IO, he uses the laser photolysis of N2O to produce O atoms, followed by the reaction of O + CF3I. Given the rate coefficient for this reaction of kO+ CF3I = (7.9 ± 0.8) × 10-12 exp[-(175 ± 40)/T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1, determine the lifetime of O atoms in the presence of 1 Torr of CF3I ...
... For a source of IO, he uses the laser photolysis of N2O to produce O atoms, followed by the reaction of O + CF3I. Given the rate coefficient for this reaction of kO+ CF3I = (7.9 ± 0.8) × 10-12 exp[-(175 ± 40)/T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1, determine the lifetime of O atoms in the presence of 1 Torr of CF3I ...
Aldehydes and Ketones
... Generally, the hemiacetals and acetals are only a minor component of an equilibrium mixture. In order to favor formation of acetals the carbonyl compound and alcohol is reacted with acid in the absence of water. Dry HCl) The acetals or hemiacetals maybe converted back to the carbonyl compound by tre ...
... Generally, the hemiacetals and acetals are only a minor component of an equilibrium mixture. In order to favor formation of acetals the carbonyl compound and alcohol is reacted with acid in the absence of water. Dry HCl) The acetals or hemiacetals maybe converted back to the carbonyl compound by tre ...
aciee-2004-43-5442-palomo
... yield a nitroalcohol, namely the nitroaldol or Henry reaction, has long been known.[1] It constitutes a powerful C C bond-forming process in organic chemistry,[2] providing efficient access to valuable functionalized structural motifs such as 1,2-amino alcohols and a-hydroxy carboxylic acids. [2, 3] ...
... yield a nitroalcohol, namely the nitroaldol or Henry reaction, has long been known.[1] It constitutes a powerful C C bond-forming process in organic chemistry,[2] providing efficient access to valuable functionalized structural motifs such as 1,2-amino alcohols and a-hydroxy carboxylic acids. [2, 3] ...
Kinetics and Equilibrium
... What can we conclude from each chart? How are the two charts defining what it means for a reaction to be in equilibrium? ...
... What can we conclude from each chart? How are the two charts defining what it means for a reaction to be in equilibrium? ...
as PDF - Heriot
... years.1–6 Despite the fact that the main spectroscopic features have been described for a wide range of Cr (III) complexes, the nature of reactive states and photochemical relaxation mechanisms is still not known for many of them. Often with transition metal complexes electronic transitions from the ...
... years.1–6 Despite the fact that the main spectroscopic features have been described for a wide range of Cr (III) complexes, the nature of reactive states and photochemical relaxation mechanisms is still not known for many of them. Often with transition metal complexes electronic transitions from the ...
Alicyclic esters of phosphoric acids
... monovalent aliphatic essentially hydrocarbon group, such as is represented by the symbol “R'” as this symbol has been previously herein de?ned. Also useful in this syn-. thesis of the novel compounds are the sulfur analogs of the vinyl phosphates—e. g., compounds in which one or more of the oxygen a ...
... monovalent aliphatic essentially hydrocarbon group, such as is represented by the symbol “R'” as this symbol has been previously herein de?ned. Also useful in this syn-. thesis of the novel compounds are the sulfur analogs of the vinyl phosphates—e. g., compounds in which one or more of the oxygen a ...
Woodward–Hoffmann rules
The Woodward–Hoffmann rules, devised by Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann, are a set of rules in organic chemistry predicting the barrier heights of pericyclic reactions based upon conservation of orbital symmetry. The Woodward–Hoffmann rules can be applied to understand electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions (including cheletropic reactions), sigmatropic reactions, and group transfer reactions. Reactions are classified as allowed if the electronic barrier is low, and forbidden if the barrier is high. Forbidden reactions can still take place but require significantly more energy.The Woodward–Hoffmann rules were first formulated to explain the striking stereospecificity of electrocyclic reactions under thermal and photochemical control. Thermolysis of the substituted cyclobutene trans-1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclobutene (1) gave only one diastereomer, the (E,E)-3,4-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene (2) as shown below; the (Z,Z) and the (E,Z) diastereomers were not detected in the reaction. Similarly, thermolysis of cis-1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclobutene (3) gave only the (E,Z) diastereomer (4).Due to their elegance and simplicity, the Woodward–Hoffmann rules are credited with first exemplifying the power of molecular orbital theory to experimental chemists. Hoffmann was awarded the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work, shared with Kenichi Fukui who developed a similar model using frontier molecular orbital (FMO) theory; because Woodward had died two years before, he was not eligible to win what would have been his second Nobel Prize for Chemistry.