A Case Study in Concept Determination: Ecological Diversity.
... consideration of how well they are represented. For this reason, diversity is often interpreted as the apparent or effective number of species present in a community (e.g. [Hill, 1973; Peet, 1974]). For example, to an observer with imperfect faculties of perception, or an ecologist with insufficient ...
... consideration of how well they are represented. For this reason, diversity is often interpreted as the apparent or effective number of species present in a community (e.g. [Hill, 1973; Peet, 1974]). For example, to an observer with imperfect faculties of perception, or an ecologist with insufficient ...
prediction_GOAmodel_Gaichas
... • Ecosystem Model – Predict direct effects of fishing on nontarget species – Predict indirect effects of fishing mediated by trophic interactions – Predict consequences of ecosystem changes not related to fishing, therefore beyond our control – Qualitative predictions, must incorporate uncertainty ...
... • Ecosystem Model – Predict direct effects of fishing on nontarget species – Predict indirect effects of fishing mediated by trophic interactions – Predict consequences of ecosystem changes not related to fishing, therefore beyond our control – Qualitative predictions, must incorporate uncertainty ...
Living where the flow is right: How flow affects
... How well a bryozoan can feed in a particular flow regime could help determine the distribution and abundance of that bryozoan. I tested how velocity of flow affects feeding rate in four species of bryozoans in the laboratory and how these species perform in different flow regimes in the field. I fou ...
... How well a bryozoan can feed in a particular flow regime could help determine the distribution and abundance of that bryozoan. I tested how velocity of flow affects feeding rate in four species of bryozoans in the laboratory and how these species perform in different flow regimes in the field. I fou ...
Biodiversity and biogeography: adaptive radiation in the
... the cichlid fish in all three lakes have undergone spectacular amounts of adaptive radiation, still some unexpected differences remain. The oldest and deepest lake, lake Tanganyika, contains far fewer species than the other two lakes, lake Malawi and lake Victoria. Lake Tanganyika is thought to harb ...
... the cichlid fish in all three lakes have undergone spectacular amounts of adaptive radiation, still some unexpected differences remain. The oldest and deepest lake, lake Tanganyika, contains far fewer species than the other two lakes, lake Malawi and lake Victoria. Lake Tanganyika is thought to harb ...
CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE SCALE OF RESERVES FOR
... It is the multitude of valued attributes of ecosystems that make coarse-filter conservation difficult. There is no a priori basis upon which to prioritize one set of attributes over another. For example, do we value endangered habitats more or less than diverse areas? Is function more or less import ...
... It is the multitude of valued attributes of ecosystems that make coarse-filter conservation difficult. There is no a priori basis upon which to prioritize one set of attributes over another. For example, do we value endangered habitats more or less than diverse areas? Is function more or less import ...
Ecosystems and Their Services - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
... The Ecosystem Approach is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. Thus, the application of the ecosystem approach will help to reach a balance of the three objectives of the Convention: conservat ...
... The Ecosystem Approach is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. Thus, the application of the ecosystem approach will help to reach a balance of the three objectives of the Convention: conservat ...
Identifying Critical Areas for Conservation: Biodiversity and Climate
... means novel, however, we are becoming more and more aware of our ability to modify the global and local climate. Like land degradation, the anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides, puts the regions’ biodiversity at risk. Moreover, climatic cata ...
... means novel, however, we are becoming more and more aware of our ability to modify the global and local climate. Like land degradation, the anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides, puts the regions’ biodiversity at risk. Moreover, climatic cata ...
BMC Ecology perennials Erica Spotswood
... leaves were recorded. Ten individuals of each species (except Rosa, which only had enough for 8 individuals for each treatment level) were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) control, no simulated herbivory, 2) 20 % of all leaves removed, 3) 40 % of all leaves removed, 4) 60 % o ...
... leaves were recorded. Ten individuals of each species (except Rosa, which only had enough for 8 individuals for each treatment level) were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) control, no simulated herbivory, 2) 20 % of all leaves removed, 3) 40 % of all leaves removed, 4) 60 % o ...
Macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns of
... macroevolutionary history predicts contemporary patterns of herbivory. A better understanding of the importance of evolutionary history for rates of leaf herbivory can thus help to explain variation in nutrient and energy fluxes among ecosystems that differ in species composition [18], as well as th ...
... macroevolutionary history predicts contemporary patterns of herbivory. A better understanding of the importance of evolutionary history for rates of leaf herbivory can thus help to explain variation in nutrient and energy fluxes among ecosystems that differ in species composition [18], as well as th ...
PHENOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF TERRESTRIAL PLANTS By
... factors that directly stimulate germination also directly influence seedling survival, e.g. soil moisture in deserts (97, 255, 282). Other factors that stimulate germination do not affect the seedling directly but are correlated with factors that do. For example, some desert seeds germinate in respo ...
... factors that directly stimulate germination also directly influence seedling survival, e.g. soil moisture in deserts (97, 255, 282). Other factors that stimulate germination do not affect the seedling directly but are correlated with factors that do. For example, some desert seeds germinate in respo ...
S. altissima
... bud (Fig. 1)(1). Fly galls are subject to predation from birds and other insects, including a beetle and two parasitic wasps (1). This interaction has been used to demonstrate balancing selection and to study trophic interactions (1,2,3). An open question remains whether host plant or habitat specia ...
... bud (Fig. 1)(1). Fly galls are subject to predation from birds and other insects, including a beetle and two parasitic wasps (1). This interaction has been used to demonstrate balancing selection and to study trophic interactions (1,2,3). An open question remains whether host plant or habitat specia ...
niche dynamics of deer mice in a fragmented, old-growth
... as important, clearcutting may well result in range expansion of generalists and early successional species, such as P. maniculatus, at the expense of P. oreas and other species dependent on old-growth forests. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that mammals inhabiting oldgrowth for ...
... as important, clearcutting may well result in range expansion of generalists and early successional species, such as P. maniculatus, at the expense of P. oreas and other species dependent on old-growth forests. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that mammals inhabiting oldgrowth for ...
Effects of Natural Selection - UConn
... As larvae, dytiscids look quite different. Instead of an oval-shaped body, they are longer and thin, with visible body segments and three pairs of segmented legs. They have a distinct head with a pair of sharp, piercing jaws called mandibles. These mandibles are hollow, and used to inject a digestiv ...
... As larvae, dytiscids look quite different. Instead of an oval-shaped body, they are longer and thin, with visible body segments and three pairs of segmented legs. They have a distinct head with a pair of sharp, piercing jaws called mandibles. These mandibles are hollow, and used to inject a digestiv ...
Changes in the diet of hake associated with El Ni˜no 1997
... with a strong inverse relationship between both variables. With this consideration, in the subsequent analyses, the SSTA was used to explore the association between the physical habitat variability and the changes in the diet of hake (Fig. 4a). Although anchovy is the dominant prey of the analysed s ...
... with a strong inverse relationship between both variables. With this consideration, in the subsequent analyses, the SSTA was used to explore the association between the physical habitat variability and the changes in the diet of hake (Fig. 4a). Although anchovy is the dominant prey of the analysed s ...
Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity
... animal species group and ecosystem studied, the definition of the structural variable, the measurement of vegetation structure and the temporal and spatial scale of the study. Main conclusions The majority of studies found a positive correlation between habitat heterogeneity/diversity and animal spe ...
... animal species group and ecosystem studied, the definition of the structural variable, the measurement of vegetation structure and the temporal and spatial scale of the study. Main conclusions The majority of studies found a positive correlation between habitat heterogeneity/diversity and animal spe ...
The distance dependence prediction of the Janzen
... parent influences propagule survival or how the magnitude of the effect differs across functional groups. Meta-analysis is quantitative, objective and embraces the inherent variation present in most ecological processes. Some workers have objected to the application of meta-analysis because its resu ...
... parent influences propagule survival or how the magnitude of the effect differs across functional groups. Meta-analysis is quantitative, objective and embraces the inherent variation present in most ecological processes. Some workers have objected to the application of meta-analysis because its resu ...
Using Small Populations of Wolves for Ecosystem Restoration and
... Northern Rocky Mountain regions to the point where these population segments have been delisted under the ESA, implying the existence of viable populations and an end to wolf recovery (USFWS 2009a, 2009b). However, some conservationists do not believe the species is recovered (Bergstrom et al. 2009) ...
... Northern Rocky Mountain regions to the point where these population segments have been delisted under the ESA, implying the existence of viable populations and an end to wolf recovery (USFWS 2009a, 2009b). However, some conservationists do not believe the species is recovered (Bergstrom et al. 2009) ...
On the methodology of feeding ecology in fish
... considered final, but best to fix modalities for further studies on resource utilization by fish. ...
... considered final, but best to fix modalities for further studies on resource utilization by fish. ...
Ecology of Vertebrate Animals in Relation to Chaparral Fire in the
... and the actions of animals were observed. There was very little evidence of direct mortality among any of the vertebrates, most of them escaping the heat in one way or another. The woodrat was perhaps the most vulnerable species because of its dependence on houses made of dry twigs. However, in the ...
... and the actions of animals were observed. There was very little evidence of direct mortality among any of the vertebrates, most of them escaping the heat in one way or another. The woodrat was perhaps the most vulnerable species because of its dependence on houses made of dry twigs. However, in the ...
Modeling coevolution in predator
... attack rate applies to interactions where the predator selectively attacks prey within a specific size range (such that the prey’s body size matches the predator’s jaw size) and to host‐parasite systems where a parasite must mimic the morphology of its host (Benkman 1999, Nuismer et al. 2007). Mo ...
... attack rate applies to interactions where the predator selectively attacks prey within a specific size range (such that the prey’s body size matches the predator’s jaw size) and to host‐parasite systems where a parasite must mimic the morphology of its host (Benkman 1999, Nuismer et al. 2007). Mo ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.