Ecological impacts of different harvesting scenarios for temperate
... and strip-cutting. We tested the model by comparing simulation results with field data from the study site and carried out an extensive sensitivity analysis to explore the impacts of parameter values on model results. Simulated logging practices were compared in regard to expected timber harvest and ...
... and strip-cutting. We tested the model by comparing simulation results with field data from the study site and carried out an extensive sensitivity analysis to explore the impacts of parameter values on model results. Simulated logging practices were compared in regard to expected timber harvest and ...
Species diversity and dominance-richness relationships for ground
... ant dominance and richness for ground-foraging and arboreal species. Forty-two ant species were collected in this study, with species richness being highest in the saltpan, followed by savannah and then desert. Due to shared arboreal species, ant assemblages were most similar between the savannah an ...
... ant dominance and richness for ground-foraging and arboreal species. Forty-two ant species were collected in this study, with species richness being highest in the saltpan, followed by savannah and then desert. Due to shared arboreal species, ant assemblages were most similar between the savannah an ...
use intensity affects orthopteran communities
... species only occurred in region ALB, the null model picked a given number of sites from the pool of 50 sites in ALB only. The objective of this restriction was to consider distribution boundaries of single species across Germany. As in any randomization model, the proportion of AWMs from 10,000 null ...
... species only occurred in region ALB, the null model picked a given number of sites from the pool of 50 sites in ALB only. The objective of this restriction was to consider distribution boundaries of single species across Germany. As in any randomization model, the proportion of AWMs from 10,000 null ...
Butterflies and their contribution in ecosystem: A review
... Ehrlich, 1984; Oostermeijer and van Swaay 1998 described that Butterflies have high reproductive rates and are at low trophic level due to this, they response quickly to environmental stress. Many butterflies specialize on a specific plant species for oviposition or feeding [26, 33]. Butterflies ten ...
... Ehrlich, 1984; Oostermeijer and van Swaay 1998 described that Butterflies have high reproductive rates and are at low trophic level due to this, they response quickly to environmental stress. Many butterflies specialize on a specific plant species for oviposition or feeding [26, 33]. Butterflies ten ...
A trait-based approach to community assembly
... There are two important points about these definitions to note at the outset. First, like all ideas in community ecology, they are intrinsically scale-dependent. The partitioning of trait values into alpha vs. beta components will depend on the scale used to define a community. In the effort to bett ...
... There are two important points about these definitions to note at the outset. First, like all ideas in community ecology, they are intrinsically scale-dependent. The partitioning of trait values into alpha vs. beta components will depend on the scale used to define a community. In the effort to bett ...
Resource partitioning among top predators in a Miocene food web
... Here, for one isotope system (d 13C) and more than two diet sources, the equations yielded a range of source proportions. In a preliminary approach, we attempted our dietary analysis using the software ISOERROR [49], a method that incorporates data such as the standard deviations or sample size of t ...
... Here, for one isotope system (d 13C) and more than two diet sources, the equations yielded a range of source proportions. In a preliminary approach, we attempted our dietary analysis using the software ISOERROR [49], a method that incorporates data such as the standard deviations or sample size of t ...
A stable isotope (d C, d N) model for the North Water food web
... 2.4. Statistical analyses Because our analysis was aimed at providing an overview of trophic relationships among food web components that encompassed as much natural variation as possible, we pooled samples among stations, collection periods, and sampling depths. We consider these effects on stable ...
... 2.4. Statistical analyses Because our analysis was aimed at providing an overview of trophic relationships among food web components that encompassed as much natural variation as possible, we pooled samples among stations, collection periods, and sampling depths. We consider these effects on stable ...
SIGNIFICANCE OF UNGULATES IN THE ... S ETTLED WOLVES IN THE MERCANTOUR ...
... bias of varying prey sizes (Floyd et al. , 1 97 8 ; Reynolds & Aebischer, 1 99 1 ; Ciucci et al. , 1 996). However this bias is reduced in the present analysis because only preys of similar size (large wild ungulates like moufflon, chamois, sheep) are taken into account. As Ciucci et al. ( 1 996) pr ...
... bias of varying prey sizes (Floyd et al. , 1 97 8 ; Reynolds & Aebischer, 1 99 1 ; Ciucci et al. , 1 996). However this bias is reduced in the present analysis because only preys of similar size (large wild ungulates like moufflon, chamois, sheep) are taken into account. As Ciucci et al. ( 1 996) pr ...
Evolution and Ecology of Species Range Limits
... limitation; population growth is negative at some point along the gradient. For multispecies models, patterns of occurrence may reflect an altered realized niche. Range limits in these nonevolutionary models can also reflect dispersal disequilbrium. Heterogeneity in dispersal or habitat suitability (e ...
... limitation; population growth is negative at some point along the gradient. For multispecies models, patterns of occurrence may reflect an altered realized niche. Range limits in these nonevolutionary models can also reflect dispersal disequilbrium. Heterogeneity in dispersal or habitat suitability (e ...
Schluter TREE 2001
... allopatric populations would continue to strengthen isolation following secondary contact. However, other agents of selection that arise from interactions between the two nascent species are added during the sympatric phase, and these too might drive reproductive isolation to completion. For example ...
... allopatric populations would continue to strengthen isolation following secondary contact. However, other agents of selection that arise from interactions between the two nascent species are added during the sympatric phase, and these too might drive reproductive isolation to completion. For example ...
Life Cycles, Limiting Factors, and Behavioral
... than 20 cm, where these characins, gobies, and other larger fishes were themselves at risk from diving and wading birds that frequented the river (Power 1984a, 1987). Loricariids smaller than 3-4 cm could hide under cobbles from these birds. When they outgrew this cover, at 4-5 cm SL, they also bega ...
... than 20 cm, where these characins, gobies, and other larger fishes were themselves at risk from diving and wading birds that frequented the river (Power 1984a, 1987). Loricariids smaller than 3-4 cm could hide under cobbles from these birds. When they outgrew this cover, at 4-5 cm SL, they also bega ...
Experimental evidence for indirect facilitation among invasive plants
... 1. Facilitation among species may promote non-native plant invasions through alteration of environmental conditions, enemies or mutualists. However, the role of non-trophic indirect facilitation in invasions has rarely been examined. 2. We used a long-term field experiment to test for indirect facili ...
... 1. Facilitation among species may promote non-native plant invasions through alteration of environmental conditions, enemies or mutualists. However, the role of non-trophic indirect facilitation in invasions has rarely been examined. 2. We used a long-term field experiment to test for indirect facili ...
Scenarios of habitat management options to reduce predator
... population recovery. Wet grassland management for breeding waders has focussed on providing suitable nesting habitats, but the potential for management of landscape features to influence predation rates remains largely unknown. 3. Using a 7-year study of breeding lapwing Vanellus vanellus and redsha ...
... population recovery. Wet grassland management for breeding waders has focussed on providing suitable nesting habitats, but the potential for management of landscape features to influence predation rates remains largely unknown. 3. Using a 7-year study of breeding lapwing Vanellus vanellus and redsha ...
CO2, nitrogen, and diversity differentially affect seed production of
... Abstract. Plant species composition and diversity is often influenced by early life history stages; thus, global change could dramatically affect plant community structure by altering seed production. Unfortunately, plant reproductive responses to global change are rarely studied in field settings, ma ...
... Abstract. Plant species composition and diversity is often influenced by early life history stages; thus, global change could dramatically affect plant community structure by altering seed production. Unfortunately, plant reproductive responses to global change are rarely studied in field settings, ma ...
Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores
... host associations (19, 20). Research on the historical, macroevolutionary heart of Ehrlich and Raven’s hypothesis (4) was slow in developing, probably because the relevant fossil record is rather sparse (but see ref. 21) and phylogenetic methods were in their infancy (and were embroiled in controver ...
... host associations (19, 20). Research on the historical, macroevolutionary heart of Ehrlich and Raven’s hypothesis (4) was slow in developing, probably because the relevant fossil record is rather sparse (but see ref. 21) and phylogenetic methods were in their infancy (and were embroiled in controver ...
Competition among plants
... the word <> appears to have different
meanings to different ecologists.
Competition can be defined as an interaction
between individuals or populations which is
negative for both. While the word «competition»
suggests that this negative effect is due to the
depletion of some limiting re ...
... the word <
trait-mediated indirect interactions in a simple aquatic food web
... order to establish whether competitive and predator–prey interactions between two species are affected by other species in the system; i.e., are pairwise interaction strengths affected by the background species assemblage? We examined the survival and growth response of small bullfrog (Rana catesbei ...
... order to establish whether competitive and predator–prey interactions between two species are affected by other species in the system; i.e., are pairwise interaction strengths affected by the background species assemblage? We examined the survival and growth response of small bullfrog (Rana catesbei ...
Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate
... Here, we offer a continent-by-continent summary of the LQE, focusing mostly on mammals. We do not discuss Holocene island extinctions in any detail because most researchers accept that anthropogenic factors were pivotal. We evaluate the main hypotheses proposed to explain the LQE and focus on the im ...
... Here, we offer a continent-by-continent summary of the LQE, focusing mostly on mammals. We do not discuss Holocene island extinctions in any detail because most researchers accept that anthropogenic factors were pivotal. We evaluate the main hypotheses proposed to explain the LQE and focus on the im ...
Can the biomass-ratio hypothesis predict mixed
... To test this hypothesis, two new variables were created for each mixture by multiplying the community-weighted values of each b̂i and ĉi by time and its square, respectively. For each site, we then fitted a mixed-model regression following Eqn (5b) but also including the litter mixtures as the betw ...
... To test this hypothesis, two new variables were created for each mixture by multiplying the community-weighted values of each b̂i and ĉi by time and its square, respectively. For each site, we then fitted a mixed-model regression following Eqn (5b) but also including the litter mixtures as the betw ...
Mathematical Modeling in the USMA Curriculum
... Modeling in undergraduate core courses is often used to predict or explain simple changing behavior, such as proportionality or linear growth or decay. Even early modelers need to be exposed to the power and limitations of modeling. One of the most fundamental concepts discussed in early courses is ...
... Modeling in undergraduate core courses is often used to predict or explain simple changing behavior, such as proportionality or linear growth or decay. Even early modelers need to be exposed to the power and limitations of modeling. One of the most fundamental concepts discussed in early courses is ...
Marine Ecology Progress Series 510:241
... food availability appear to be the most important ones for the majority of species (Lucas et al. 2012). In general, reproduction rates increase with temperature and food supply. However, the results available in the literature are conflicting and have hindered our understanding of reproductive patte ...
... food availability appear to be the most important ones for the majority of species (Lucas et al. 2012). In general, reproduction rates increase with temperature and food supply. However, the results available in the literature are conflicting and have hindered our understanding of reproductive patte ...
Lake size and fish diversity determine resource use and trophic
... and pelagic trophic pathways, lake size may also influence fish species diversity (Barbour and Brown 1974; Nolby et al. 2015) and food-chain length in lakes (e.g., Post et al. 2000; Takimoto and Post 2013). Increased fish species diversity may lead to substitution of intermediate consumers, but also ...
... and pelagic trophic pathways, lake size may also influence fish species diversity (Barbour and Brown 1974; Nolby et al. 2015) and food-chain length in lakes (e.g., Post et al. 2000; Takimoto and Post 2013). Increased fish species diversity may lead to substitution of intermediate consumers, but also ...
Journal of Tropical Ecology - CESCO
... Manilkara spp. We calculated first the actual number of collected (non-dispersed) seeds as the sum of the free seeds and the entire fruits multiplied by the mean number of seeds per fruit (1.1 or 1.6). Secondly, we conservatively estimated the original number of seeds using fruit debris and the numb ...
... Manilkara spp. We calculated first the actual number of collected (non-dispersed) seeds as the sum of the free seeds and the entire fruits multiplied by the mean number of seeds per fruit (1.1 or 1.6). Secondly, we conservatively estimated the original number of seeds using fruit debris and the numb ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.