read more! - Scripps Institution of Oceanography
... 2014). If fish behavior appeared to be altered by diver presence, observation of that fish was terminated and the data excluded from analysis. Between 10 and 48, observations were made for each of the 15 most common species of herbivorous fishes in Maui (Figure S1). Observational data for other, mor ...
... 2014). If fish behavior appeared to be altered by diver presence, observation of that fish was terminated and the data excluded from analysis. Between 10 and 48, observations were made for each of the 15 most common species of herbivorous fishes in Maui (Figure S1). Observational data for other, mor ...
Beneficial Insects and Mites - Manatee County Extension Office
... parasitoids are similar to true parasites, they differ in important ways. True parasites are generally much smaller than their hosts. As they develop, parasites usually weaken but rarely kill their hosts. In contrast, many parasitoids are almost the same size as their hosts, and their development al ...
... parasitoids are similar to true parasites, they differ in important ways. True parasites are generally much smaller than their hosts. As they develop, parasites usually weaken but rarely kill their hosts. In contrast, many parasitoids are almost the same size as their hosts, and their development al ...
10/4 version of Chapter3
... limitation to the number of species that can co-exist locally, and there is evidence for this (J.B. Wilson ...
... limitation to the number of species that can co-exist locally, and there is evidence for this (J.B. Wilson ...
Yellow-Eyed Penguin foraging study, south
... underweight, moulting was delayed) none of 13 autopsied birds had starved, nor had they died from obvious pathogens or toxins. Because "red tides" of algae had been observed at the time it was suggested that an unidentified toxin may have been involved in the deaths (Gill and Darby 1993). Some of th ...
... underweight, moulting was delayed) none of 13 autopsied birds had starved, nor had they died from obvious pathogens or toxins. Because "red tides" of algae had been observed at the time it was suggested that an unidentified toxin may have been involved in the deaths (Gill and Darby 1993). Some of th ...
Understanding Our Environment
... different versions of same genes. Species Diversity - Measures number of different kinds of organisms within a community. Ecological Diversity - Measures richness and complexity of a community. ...
... different versions of same genes. Species Diversity - Measures number of different kinds of organisms within a community. Ecological Diversity - Measures richness and complexity of a community. ...
Game Structures in Mutualistic Interactions: What Can
... predictable benefits, or investment may secure repeated interactions. However, these game theoretic concepts are not the focus of most scientists working on mutualism; most work on these interactions is ecological in nature (Bronstein, 1994). One reason might be that game theoretical analyses of mut ...
... predictable benefits, or investment may secure repeated interactions. However, these game theoretic concepts are not the focus of most scientists working on mutualism; most work on these interactions is ecological in nature (Bronstein, 1994). One reason might be that game theoretical analyses of mut ...
Selection of a marker gene to construct a reference library
... Wetlands are one of the most important ecosystems in nature, and they harbor a variety of ecosystem services such as protection against floods, water purification, climate regulation and recreational opportunities (Brander, Florax & Vermaat, 2006). Waterbirds are typically wetland-dependent animals ...
... Wetlands are one of the most important ecosystems in nature, and they harbor a variety of ecosystem services such as protection against floods, water purification, climate regulation and recreational opportunities (Brander, Florax & Vermaat, 2006). Waterbirds are typically wetland-dependent animals ...
Life history tradeoffs and the evolutionary biology of aging
... The special features of the human life cycle must have been shaped by the environments in which ancestral humans evolved, including among other factors the composition of ancestral human diets (Kaplan et al. 2003). Chimpanzee diets are rich in foods such as fruits and piths (the soft, fleshy materia ...
... The special features of the human life cycle must have been shaped by the environments in which ancestral humans evolved, including among other factors the composition of ancestral human diets (Kaplan et al. 2003). Chimpanzee diets are rich in foods such as fruits and piths (the soft, fleshy materia ...
Understanding Our Environment
... different versions of same genes. Species Diversity - Measures number of different kinds of organisms within a community. Ecological Diversity - Measures richness and complexity of a community. ...
... different versions of same genes. Species Diversity - Measures number of different kinds of organisms within a community. Ecological Diversity - Measures richness and complexity of a community. ...
How top consumers structure food webs with multiple pathways of
... The food web models explored in chapter 1 assume that the feeding rates of all consumers are either linear or saturating (= ‘type 2 response’) functions of food/resource density. Generalist top consumers feeding on prey from two food chains may, however, show more complex and flexible feeding behavi ...
... The food web models explored in chapter 1 assume that the feeding rates of all consumers are either linear or saturating (= ‘type 2 response’) functions of food/resource density. Generalist top consumers feeding on prey from two food chains may, however, show more complex and flexible feeding behavi ...
Reprint
... However, resources to manage IAS are limited and with increasing globalization, the influx of potentially harmful organisms will likely continue to increase (Perrings et al. 2010, Essl et al. 2011). There are two approaches to this problem. Firstly, to limit new alien species from entering an area/c ...
... However, resources to manage IAS are limited and with increasing globalization, the influx of potentially harmful organisms will likely continue to increase (Perrings et al. 2010, Essl et al. 2011). There are two approaches to this problem. Firstly, to limit new alien species from entering an area/c ...
Extinction or Survival? Behavioral Flexibility in Response
... The earth’s climate has changed multiple times at different time scales in the past, ranging from thousands to millions of years. Milankovitch’s cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth’s movements upon its climate at predictable intervals of 10,000 to100,000 years [1], providi ...
... The earth’s climate has changed multiple times at different time scales in the past, ranging from thousands to millions of years. Milankovitch’s cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth’s movements upon its climate at predictable intervals of 10,000 to100,000 years [1], providi ...
Will the Present-day Scientific Approaches Enable to Forecast
... The end of XX century and the beginning of XXI century are distinguished by the abrupt growth of natural phenomena. In this respect, in the recent decades NATO and UN have developed a number of projects and activities, aimed at the possible forecasting of natural phenomena, danger alleviation, as w ...
... The end of XX century and the beginning of XXI century are distinguished by the abrupt growth of natural phenomena. In this respect, in the recent decades NATO and UN have developed a number of projects and activities, aimed at the possible forecasting of natural phenomena, danger alleviation, as w ...
Extinction or Survival? Behavioral Flexibility in Response
... The earth’s climate has changed multiple times at different time scales in the past, ranging from thousands to millions of years. Milankovitch’s cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth’s movements upon its climate at predictable intervals of 10,000 to100,000 years [1], providi ...
... The earth’s climate has changed multiple times at different time scales in the past, ranging from thousands to millions of years. Milankovitch’s cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth’s movements upon its climate at predictable intervals of 10,000 to100,000 years [1], providi ...
Ecological scaling alters observed relationships between diversity
... relationships among these variables remain the same as in relatively unaffected ecosystems. The mechanistic bases of the relationships among these three factors in natural ecosystems remain unclear and somewhat controversial, in part because studies have often focused either on single scales, or on ...
... relationships among these variables remain the same as in relatively unaffected ecosystems. The mechanistic bases of the relationships among these three factors in natural ecosystems remain unclear and somewhat controversial, in part because studies have often focused either on single scales, or on ...
Reverse evolution: driving forces behind
... no light limitation. Whereas the advantage of specialised heterotrophy in ligh t-limited environments, such as soils and deep or turbid water, is intuitively clear, given the costs of mixotrophy, the potential advantages of losing photosynthesis in resourcelimited but well-lit situations are not. Pr ...
... no light limitation. Whereas the advantage of specialised heterotrophy in ligh t-limited environments, such as soils and deep or turbid water, is intuitively clear, given the costs of mixotrophy, the potential advantages of losing photosynthesis in resourcelimited but well-lit situations are not. Pr ...
Four decades of research on the Medes Islands
... the communities [16,17]. That was why the continuous monitoring through time of the preservation effects quickly rendered dramatic results concerning the population recovery of some species previously exploited (mainly fish). The synergistic aspect is related to the scientific monitoring of the pres ...
... the communities [16,17]. That was why the continuous monitoring through time of the preservation effects quickly rendered dramatic results concerning the population recovery of some species previously exploited (mainly fish). The synergistic aspect is related to the scientific monitoring of the pres ...
Populations - Lyndhurst School
... population. Use Models How would you expand this model to include the effects of fishing? ...
... population. Use Models How would you expand this model to include the effects of fishing? ...
1 Introduction
... limitation to the number of species that can co-exist locally, and there is evidence for this (J.B. Wilson ...
... limitation to the number of species that can co-exist locally, and there is evidence for this (J.B. Wilson ...
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of
... conditions for the establishment of vascular plants (Walker & del Moral 2003). Thus, plants have evolved to rely on dispersal mechanisms such as wind, water, animal-assisted dispersal (endozoochory or epizoochory), or, as commonly found in small-seeded species, unassisted dispersal (Howe & Smallwood ...
... conditions for the establishment of vascular plants (Walker & del Moral 2003). Thus, plants have evolved to rely on dispersal mechanisms such as wind, water, animal-assisted dispersal (endozoochory or epizoochory), or, as commonly found in small-seeded species, unassisted dispersal (Howe & Smallwood ...
Conservatism of responses to environmental change is rare under
... belowground, although the pattern varied. Conservatism was limited to grazing aboveground, but belowground responses were conserved as a group, suggesting fundamental differences in how selection has led to niche conservatism in aboveground and belowground environments. Overall, our results suggest ...
... belowground, although the pattern varied. Conservatism was limited to grazing aboveground, but belowground responses were conserved as a group, suggesting fundamental differences in how selection has led to niche conservatism in aboveground and belowground environments. Overall, our results suggest ...
Populations - Lyndhurst School
... population. Use Models How would you expand this model to include the effects of fishing? ...
... population. Use Models How would you expand this model to include the effects of fishing? ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.