spring break!!!! - the House of Justice
... require the presence of a certain chemical substance, the so called hydroxyl (=OH) radical, this part of the atmosphere is called the "OH shield." It acts like a huge atmospheric washing machine in which OH is the detergent. The OH shield is part of the troposphere, as the lower part of the atmosphe ...
... require the presence of a certain chemical substance, the so called hydroxyl (=OH) radical, this part of the atmosphere is called the "OH shield." It acts like a huge atmospheric washing machine in which OH is the detergent. The OH shield is part of the troposphere, as the lower part of the atmosphe ...
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... We follow the approach originally proposed by Montagner & Jobert (1988) for fundamental mode Rayleigh and Love wave-phase velocity measurements, where the shallow-layer correction is decomposed into a linear and a non-linear part. As in traditional approaches, we assume an a priori 3-D crustal model ...
... We follow the approach originally proposed by Montagner & Jobert (1988) for fundamental mode Rayleigh and Love wave-phase velocity measurements, where the shallow-layer correction is decomposed into a linear and a non-linear part. As in traditional approaches, we assume an a priori 3-D crustal model ...
Coalition formation in Integrated Assessment Models
... in ‘small’ empirically calibrated models the impacts of certain design features, such as transfers and restricted membership, on the stability of coalitions. This part will rely to a large extent on the insights of the ongoing research programme of Wageningen University, the STACO model. The second ...
... in ‘small’ empirically calibrated models the impacts of certain design features, such as transfers and restricted membership, on the stability of coalitions. This part will rely to a large extent on the insights of the ongoing research programme of Wageningen University, the STACO model. The second ...
CLIMATE CHANGE IN NORTHERN AFRICA
... second moments (auto- and cross-correlation functions of deviations from the long-term values of the atmospheric variables). It resolves the slow tropical dynamics; the extratropical synoptic fluxes of heat and moisture are parameterized as diffusion terms. The vertical structures of temperature and ...
... second moments (auto- and cross-correlation functions of deviations from the long-term values of the atmospheric variables). It resolves the slow tropical dynamics; the extratropical synoptic fluxes of heat and moisture are parameterized as diffusion terms. The vertical structures of temperature and ...
Sensitivity to climate change for two reptiles at the Mojave
... All variables were included in the initial model run; thereafter variables were removed individually when they were determined to be redundant (high correlation with other variables), when they did not contribute to an improved HSI score, or due to small observation numbers and the need to meet the ...
... All variables were included in the initial model run; thereafter variables were removed individually when they were determined to be redundant (high correlation with other variables), when they did not contribute to an improved HSI score, or due to small observation numbers and the need to meet the ...
Deep uncertainty in long-term hurricane risk: Scenario generation and implications for future climate experiments
... N. Ranger, F. Niehörster / Global Environmental Change 22 (2012) 703–712 ...
... N. Ranger, F. Niehörster / Global Environmental Change 22 (2012) 703–712 ...
Simulation of regional climate change under the IPCC A2 scenario
... the detailed regional topography to ensure a better simulation of local weather events and climate. The above-mentioned two methods can also be used simultaneously in order to examine uncertainties of downscaling (Haylock et al. 2006; Schmidli et al. 2007). Another existing approach used to generate ...
... the detailed regional topography to ensure a better simulation of local weather events and climate. The above-mentioned two methods can also be used simultaneously in order to examine uncertainties of downscaling (Haylock et al. 2006; Schmidli et al. 2007). Another existing approach used to generate ...
Land-use competition and agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in
... at least in the developed world—but the problems of congestion, air pollution and climate change are pressing. The focus of this thesis is related to how the problem of climate change may be partially solved without creating too severe new problems, or at least to create an awareness for some of the ...
... at least in the developed world—but the problems of congestion, air pollution and climate change are pressing. The focus of this thesis is related to how the problem of climate change may be partially solved without creating too severe new problems, or at least to create an awareness for some of the ...
The Climate of Middle Earth
... out as fastiduously as was perhaps required (and I had misplaced my spectacles that day...). In addition, there is a degree of uncertainty in the mapping of the original maps onto a spherical world, and it is likely that other equally-valid, or better solutions could be found, which could influence ...
... out as fastiduously as was perhaps required (and I had misplaced my spectacles that day...). In addition, there is a degree of uncertainty in the mapping of the original maps onto a spherical world, and it is likely that other equally-valid, or better solutions could be found, which could influence ...
Nitrogen deposition
... Comparison with observations • Poor skill over European stations (on average models tend to be lower) • Good skill over US stations, with a tendency to overestimate nitrogen deposition (10%) at large values ...
... Comparison with observations • Poor skill over European stations (on average models tend to be lower) • Good skill over US stations, with a tendency to overestimate nitrogen deposition (10%) at large values ...
Extreme Events - International Research Institute for Climate and
... (which they have found to be increasing at a statistically significant level 95%) may have repercussions on streamflow. However due to the multiple contributors of streamflow and the fact that “precipitation is not routinely monitored within the U.S. streamflow network” they cannot generalize their ...
... (which they have found to be increasing at a statistically significant level 95%) may have repercussions on streamflow. However due to the multiple contributors of streamflow and the fact that “precipitation is not routinely monitored within the U.S. streamflow network” they cannot generalize their ...
here. - APSIM
... Lieffering M, Newton PCD, Li FY, Vibart A (2012) Hill country sheep and beef: impacts and adaptations to climate change. In: Enhanced climate change impact and adaptation evaluation: A comprehensive analysis of New Zealand’s land-based primary sectors (eds Clark A, Nottage R), pp. 189–236. Ministry ...
... Lieffering M, Newton PCD, Li FY, Vibart A (2012) Hill country sheep and beef: impacts and adaptations to climate change. In: Enhanced climate change impact and adaptation evaluation: A comprehensive analysis of New Zealand’s land-based primary sectors (eds Clark A, Nottage R), pp. 189–236. Ministry ...
Ensemble modeling, uncertainty and robust predictions
... uncertainty, but they typically do so in an unsystematic way, by producing projections with a set of existing climate models rather than a set carefully designed to probe this uncertainty. Both perturbed-physics and multimodel studies often include a limited investigation of the impacts of initial c ...
... uncertainty, but they typically do so in an unsystematic way, by producing projections with a set of existing climate models rather than a set carefully designed to probe this uncertainty. Both perturbed-physics and multimodel studies often include a limited investigation of the impacts of initial c ...
3. IPCC`s evaluation of evidence and treatment of uncertainty
... uncertainty is presented differs significantly across the chapters of the Working Group II report. For example, Chapter 5 (Food, Fibre, and Forest Products) presents estimates of the quantitative impacts of specific changes in temperature and precipitation on forests and agriculture, based on existi ...
... uncertainty is presented differs significantly across the chapters of the Working Group II report. For example, Chapter 5 (Food, Fibre, and Forest Products) presents estimates of the quantitative impacts of specific changes in temperature and precipitation on forests and agriculture, based on existi ...
Climate change in New Brunswick (Canada): statistical downscaling
... these changes. General Circulation Models (GCM’s), based on mathematical representations of atmosphere, ocean, ice cap and land surface processes, are considered to be the only credible tools currently available for simulating the response of the global climate system to increasing greenhouse gas co ...
... these changes. General Circulation Models (GCM’s), based on mathematical representations of atmosphere, ocean, ice cap and land surface processes, are considered to be the only credible tools currently available for simulating the response of the global climate system to increasing greenhouse gas co ...
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... area of analysis, which in IMPLAN can range from state to county to zip code. Regions with smaller economic mass tend to face considerable leakages due to limited availability of local suppliers, and thus may be particularly dependent on export earnings for viability. Estes Park has such an economic ...
... area of analysis, which in IMPLAN can range from state to county to zip code. Regions with smaller economic mass tend to face considerable leakages due to limited availability of local suppliers, and thus may be particularly dependent on export earnings for viability. Estes Park has such an economic ...
- Wiley Online Library
... alpine habitat. In addition, it is a tourist attraction and it has thus not only ecological importance but also recreational and economic value (Geleta & Bryngelsson, 2009). ...
... alpine habitat. In addition, it is a tourist attraction and it has thus not only ecological importance but also recreational and economic value (Geleta & Bryngelsson, 2009). ...
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... The question that our research seeks to answer is three-fold: (i). How does weather impact selection of major crops in the central US? (ii). Conditional on crop choice, what are the weather effects on harvested acreage? (iii). How might climate change influence cropland use and cropland allocation i ...
... The question that our research seeks to answer is three-fold: (i). How does weather impact selection of major crops in the central US? (ii). Conditional on crop choice, what are the weather effects on harvested acreage? (iii). How might climate change influence cropland use and cropland allocation i ...
Lead–lag relationships between global mean temperature and the
... (e.g., Soon et al., 1996; Idso, 1998; Quinn, 2010; Scafetta, 2012 and references therein) or ascribing it to the unforced natural variability (e.g., Lindzen, 1990). One of the popular arguments in support of these hypotheses is a mutual lag between the temperature and the atmospheric CO2 content der ...
... (e.g., Soon et al., 1996; Idso, 1998; Quinn, 2010; Scafetta, 2012 and references therein) or ascribing it to the unforced natural variability (e.g., Lindzen, 1990). One of the popular arguments in support of these hypotheses is a mutual lag between the temperature and the atmospheric CO2 content der ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.