Predicting global change impacts on plant species` distributions
... it is clear that the rate of change in local conditions threatens to outpace the migration capabilities of many species with limited dispersal abilities (Solomon and Kirilenko, 1997; Pounds et al., 1999); and (ii) current levels of habitat modification and fragmentation further reduce the ability of ...
... it is clear that the rate of change in local conditions threatens to outpace the migration capabilities of many species with limited dispersal abilities (Solomon and Kirilenko, 1997; Pounds et al., 1999); and (ii) current levels of habitat modification and fragmentation further reduce the ability of ...
Impact of Climate Change and Climate Variability on
... temperatures and dry spells for El Salvador. However, there are uncertainties in models and scenarios. Crop simulation models predicts that in future climates sorghum and maize yields can decrease up to 20%; and dry bean yield up to 50%. There are opportunities to combat yield losses by adjusting ...
... temperatures and dry spells for El Salvador. However, there are uncertainties in models and scenarios. Crop simulation models predicts that in future climates sorghum and maize yields can decrease up to 20%; and dry bean yield up to 50%. There are opportunities to combat yield losses by adjusting ...
A New Theory of Cloud Formation and Climate Change on the Earth
... evaporate before reaching the ground or there was not enough condensation. The rate of evaporation is proportional to the surface area of the drop whereas the amount of water in the drop is proportional to its volume. Therefore, smaller the surface to volume ratio, the less the evaporation and this ...
... evaporate before reaching the ground or there was not enough condensation. The rate of evaporation is proportional to the surface area of the drop whereas the amount of water in the drop is proportional to its volume. Therefore, smaller the surface to volume ratio, the less the evaporation and this ...
Projection of Effects of Climate Change on Rice Yield and Keys to
... modeled empirically by experimental results using closed chambers or TGCs [for example, equation (4)]. However, the open-field experiment of the respective and interactive effects of environments on the atmosphere-plant-soil system is needed for reduction of uncertainties to predict rice production ...
... modeled empirically by experimental results using closed chambers or TGCs [for example, equation (4)]. However, the open-field experiment of the respective and interactive effects of environments on the atmosphere-plant-soil system is needed for reduction of uncertainties to predict rice production ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES UNCERTAINTY, CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
... not absorbed in the ocean sinks adds to atmospheric concentration. Via increased radiation (A.15) more CO2 raises global-mean surface temperature (A.16) in an amount depending on climate sensitivity.4 Changes in climate create damages reflecting e.g., lower agricultural productivity, more frequent s ...
... not absorbed in the ocean sinks adds to atmospheric concentration. Via increased radiation (A.15) more CO2 raises global-mean surface temperature (A.16) in an amount depending on climate sensitivity.4 Changes in climate create damages reflecting e.g., lower agricultural productivity, more frequent s ...
Modeling the Impact of Afforestation on Global Climate: A 2
... the presence of water vapor in the climate system results in a strong positive feedback independent of transport (Hall and Manabe 1999; Held and Soden 2000). As such, the impact on atmospheric water vapor should be taken into account when assessing the potential climate response to large scale affor ...
... the presence of water vapor in the climate system results in a strong positive feedback independent of transport (Hall and Manabe 1999; Held and Soden 2000). As such, the impact on atmospheric water vapor should be taken into account when assessing the potential climate response to large scale affor ...
Endogenous growth, convexity of damages and climate risk: how Nordhaus framework supports deep cuts in carbon emissions
... ‘To slow or not to slow’ by Bill Nordhaus (1991) is a landmark in economic research. As the first analysis of the costs and benefits of policies to abate greenhouse gas emissions1 , it opened the profession to a new field of application – climate change. Its importance is partly illustrated by the n ...
... ‘To slow or not to slow’ by Bill Nordhaus (1991) is a landmark in economic research. As the first analysis of the costs and benefits of policies to abate greenhouse gas emissions1 , it opened the profession to a new field of application – climate change. Its importance is partly illustrated by the n ...
Content - STORMBRINGER!
... continue in future, so further understanding of land-atmosphere interactions including different feedback mechanisms is necessary to understand possible future climate changes. The strength of local land-atmosphere interactions depends on the capabilities of different land covers to control surface ...
... continue in future, so further understanding of land-atmosphere interactions including different feedback mechanisms is necessary to understand possible future climate changes. The strength of local land-atmosphere interactions depends on the capabilities of different land covers to control surface ...
Regional climate change and its impact on photooxidant
... simulations with a coupled climate-chemistry model were carried out. The simulations with a horizontal resolution of 60 km for Europe and 20 km for central Europe were driven by meteorological boundary conditions provided by a long-term simulation of the global climate model ECHAM4. Two time slices ...
... simulations with a coupled climate-chemistry model were carried out. The simulations with a horizontal resolution of 60 km for Europe and 20 km for central Europe were driven by meteorological boundary conditions provided by a long-term simulation of the global climate model ECHAM4. Two time slices ...
Forcing of anthropogenic aerosols on temperature trends of the sub
... of the SH tropics and subtropics which have cooled over the late twentieth century5–7 (Fig. 1). The strongest cooling trend is seen in the tropical Indian Ocean (IO) (Fig. 1b), extending into the subtropics to a depth of around 900 m, which has coincided with a decrease in sea-level in the southern ...
... of the SH tropics and subtropics which have cooled over the late twentieth century5–7 (Fig. 1). The strongest cooling trend is seen in the tropical Indian Ocean (IO) (Fig. 1b), extending into the subtropics to a depth of around 900 m, which has coincided with a decrease in sea-level in the southern ...
Document
... multi-model approach. Nonetheless, several studies assessed how Switzerland and the Alpine region may be affected by climate change during the 21st century. Most prominently, the Swiss Climate Change Scenarios CH2011 report, released by the CH2011 initiative, provides a detailed overview (CH2011, 20 ...
... multi-model approach. Nonetheless, several studies assessed how Switzerland and the Alpine region may be affected by climate change during the 21st century. Most prominently, the Swiss Climate Change Scenarios CH2011 report, released by the CH2011 initiative, provides a detailed overview (CH2011, 20 ...
Institute for International Economic Studies Seminar paper No. 757
... not absorbed in the ocean sinks adds to atmospheric concentration. Via increased radiation (A.15) more CO2 raises global-mean surface temperature (A.16) in an amount depending on climate sensitivity.4 Changes in climate create damages reflecting e.g., lower agricultural productivity, more frequent s ...
... not absorbed in the ocean sinks adds to atmospheric concentration. Via increased radiation (A.15) more CO2 raises global-mean surface temperature (A.16) in an amount depending on climate sensitivity.4 Changes in climate create damages reflecting e.g., lower agricultural productivity, more frequent s ...
Some issues in uncertainty quantification and parameter tuning: a
... Received: 10 November 2011 – Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.: 2 December 2011 Revised: 7 February 2012 – Accepted: 21 February 2012 – Published: 5 March 2012 ...
... Received: 10 November 2011 – Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.: 2 December 2011 Revised: 7 February 2012 – Accepted: 21 February 2012 – Published: 5 March 2012 ...
Trace Gases and Their Effects
... The main human sources contributing toward global warming are the burning of coal, vehicle emissions, deforestation, and general energy usage. Alternative energy sources and new technology combined with determined emission reductions are keys in reducing the human impact on global warming. One of th ...
... The main human sources contributing toward global warming are the burning of coal, vehicle emissions, deforestation, and general energy usage. Alternative energy sources and new technology combined with determined emission reductions are keys in reducing the human impact on global warming. One of th ...
WtrShdMgmt20100421_316final
... During the previous modeling effort, the SWAT model was setup on 131 subwatersheds (8-digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC)) for the entire UMRB using the 2001 National Land Cover Data (NLCD) and Cropland Data Layer (CDL, 2004-06) for the land use coverage and the USDA-NRCS’s STATSGO for the soils data. ...
... During the previous modeling effort, the SWAT model was setup on 131 subwatersheds (8-digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC)) for the entire UMRB using the 2001 National Land Cover Data (NLCD) and Cropland Data Layer (CDL, 2004-06) for the land use coverage and the USDA-NRCS’s STATSGO for the soils data. ...
Strengthening of the Walker Circulation under Global Warming in an
... Most climate models project a weakening of the Walker circulation under global warming scenarios. It is argued, based on a global averaged moisture budget, that this weakening can be attributed to a slower rate of rainfall increase compared to that of moisture increase, which leads to a decrease in ...
... Most climate models project a weakening of the Walker circulation under global warming scenarios. It is argued, based on a global averaged moisture budget, that this weakening can be attributed to a slower rate of rainfall increase compared to that of moisture increase, which leads to a decrease in ...
Impact of climate change on the timing of strawberry phenological
... timing of strawberry phenological processes for the years 1951–2099. The results clearly show that strawberry phenological processes can be expected to occur earlier in the future, with a significant change in regional patterns. Differences between coastal and inland regions are expected to decrease ...
... timing of strawberry phenological processes for the years 1951–2099. The results clearly show that strawberry phenological processes can be expected to occur earlier in the future, with a significant change in regional patterns. Differences between coastal and inland regions are expected to decrease ...
Precipitation and Temperature
... of days from each year in the historical record that are centered within a temporal window on the current day of the simulation. The current day is removed to prevent repeated daily values. This subset of “potential neighbours” has length L = N 9 (w + 1) 1 for N years of record and a temporal wind ...
... of days from each year in the historical record that are centered within a temporal window on the current day of the simulation. The current day is removed to prevent repeated daily values. This subset of “potential neighbours” has length L = N 9 (w + 1) 1 for N years of record and a temporal wind ...
Impacts of climate change on temperature and evaporation from a
... Abstract: Determining evaporation rates is essential for efficient management of reservoirs and water resources, particularly in water-scarce countries such as Australia. Today, it is estimated that open water reservoirs in Australia lose around 40% of their total water storage capacity per year to ...
... Abstract: Determining evaporation rates is essential for efficient management of reservoirs and water resources, particularly in water-scarce countries such as Australia. Today, it is estimated that open water reservoirs in Australia lose around 40% of their total water storage capacity per year to ...
Chapter 6. Future climate changes
... projections. In parallel, possible socio-economic scenarios compatible with those RCPs were developed, providing different socio-economic alternatives for the same RCP. If needed, the information provided by the climate-model projections can be used in the socio-economic scenarios to assess the impa ...
... projections. In parallel, possible socio-economic scenarios compatible with those RCPs were developed, providing different socio-economic alternatives for the same RCP. If needed, the information provided by the climate-model projections can be used in the socio-economic scenarios to assess the impa ...
Scale-dependent regional climate predictability over North America
... We form estimates of the internal variability in the climate means of summertime precipitation and surface air temperature during the period 1979–2004 using the multimodel ensemble of 38 CMIP5 historical simulations (Fig. S1 in electronic supplementary material). The mean difference between any two m ...
... We form estimates of the internal variability in the climate means of summertime precipitation and surface air temperature during the period 1979–2004 using the multimodel ensemble of 38 CMIP5 historical simulations (Fig. S1 in electronic supplementary material). The mean difference between any two m ...
Danish Climate Centre Report 07-02 Regional climate change
... One of the state-of-the-art GCMs participating in the IPCC AR4 assessment is ECHAM5MPI/OM1 (Roeckner et al., 2003; Marsland et al., 2003; Jungclaus et al., 2006). All the forcing data for our Greenland simulation have been taken from a transient simulation with this model in the comparably high hori ...
... One of the state-of-the-art GCMs participating in the IPCC AR4 assessment is ECHAM5MPI/OM1 (Roeckner et al., 2003; Marsland et al., 2003; Jungclaus et al., 2006). All the forcing data for our Greenland simulation have been taken from a transient simulation with this model in the comparably high hori ...
Oceanic Influences on Recent Continental
... We also examined the warming in these and in other ensemble simulations generated using four other models for a shorter period (1991-2000). The results are generally consistent with those for the 19912006 period (Table 2). While all models show a small negative bias in their mean difference between ...
... We also examined the warming in these and in other ensemble simulations generated using four other models for a shorter period (1991-2000). The results are generally consistent with those for the 19912006 period (Table 2). While all models show a small negative bias in their mean difference between ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.