Consequences of Global Warming of 1.5 °C and 2 °C for Regional
... contributions from three different components: internal variability, model uncertainty, and scenario uncertainty. For both variables and for every model in the CMIP5 ensemble, we calculated anomaly time series from 1901 to 2099 relative to 1901-1930 mean. These time series were then smoothed using a ...
... contributions from three different components: internal variability, model uncertainty, and scenario uncertainty. For both variables and for every model in the CMIP5 ensemble, we calculated anomaly time series from 1901 to 2099 relative to 1901-1930 mean. These time series were then smoothed using a ...
Authors from Canada, Russia, Norway, USA to be found by M
... meteorological observations in urban and surrounding regions. Severe air pollution problems are often associated with stagnant weather conditions, and with phenomena such as urban heat islands, nocturnal jets and local circulations like sea-land breezes, which have not been the primary focus of obse ...
... meteorological observations in urban and surrounding regions. Severe air pollution problems are often associated with stagnant weather conditions, and with phenomena such as urban heat islands, nocturnal jets and local circulations like sea-land breezes, which have not been the primary focus of obse ...
Climate Change Science for Mesoamerican Decision Makers
... natural forcings – such as changes in solar output – have reasonably well understood physical mechanisms and can be incorporated into projections of the future climate state; other natural forcings – such as volcanic injections of gases and particles into the atmosphere – are less predictable. Human ...
... natural forcings – such as changes in solar output – have reasonably well understood physical mechanisms and can be incorporated into projections of the future climate state; other natural forcings – such as volcanic injections of gases and particles into the atmosphere – are less predictable. Human ...
Will moist convection be stronger in a warmer climate?
... Africa, West Pacific, Amazon, and United States regions. Horizontal lines indicate the freezing level, the lower one in each panel for the current climate. updraft speed. Thus, warmer climate updrafts are 1 m s1 stronger than control climate updrafts at their respective freezing levels. Though sma ...
... Africa, West Pacific, Amazon, and United States regions. Horizontal lines indicate the freezing level, the lower one in each panel for the current climate. updraft speed. Thus, warmer climate updrafts are 1 m s1 stronger than control climate updrafts at their respective freezing levels. Though sma ...
Mesoscale Simulation of Tropical Cyclones in the South Pacific
... actual TC activity remains difficult to assess (Gray 1998; Camargo et al. 2007b). More recent studies have shown that increasing AGCM resolution to around 50 km improves the representation of simulated cyclones (Oouchi et al. 2006; Chauvin et al. 2006; Bengtsson et al. 2007; Zhao et al. 2009). Howev ...
... actual TC activity remains difficult to assess (Gray 1998; Camargo et al. 2007b). More recent studies have shown that increasing AGCM resolution to around 50 km improves the representation of simulated cyclones (Oouchi et al. 2006; Chauvin et al. 2006; Bengtsson et al. 2007; Zhao et al. 2009). Howev ...
REPORT Gridded 1 x 1 km climate and hydrological
... models often have to deal with processes at a finer scale and therefore require data of higher spatial resolution than the climate models normally can provide. In addition, outputs of GCM/RCMs are often flawed with systematic biases. This is due to inadequate knowledge of key physical processes and ...
... models often have to deal with processes at a finer scale and therefore require data of higher spatial resolution than the climate models normally can provide. In addition, outputs of GCM/RCMs are often flawed with systematic biases. This is due to inadequate knowledge of key physical processes and ...
DFAE-II WP Series - Addi - University of the Basque Country
... Sometimes system dynamics are simulated as a succession of stationary states. For instance GarzaGil et al. (2011) describes the steady state of a fishery affected by global warming as a situation where the biomass only is affected by the temperature which is an exogenous variable; a change in the t ...
... Sometimes system dynamics are simulated as a succession of stationary states. For instance GarzaGil et al. (2011) describes the steady state of a fishery affected by global warming as a situation where the biomass only is affected by the temperature which is an exogenous variable; a change in the t ...
The sensitivity of mountain snowpack accumulation to climate warming
... favored for their efficiency (which allows for a large number of experiments), their adaptability (which allows for substantial changes in model physics and forcing data), and their simplicity (which allows fundamental processes to be clearly diagnosed). For precisely determining the value of l thes ...
... favored for their efficiency (which allows for a large number of experiments), their adaptability (which allows for substantial changes in model physics and forcing data), and their simplicity (which allows fundamental processes to be clearly diagnosed). For precisely determining the value of l thes ...
IDRISI Selva Brochure
... of earth observation image time series such as monthly global sea surface temperature and vegetation index imagery. The Earth Trends Modeler (ETM) is a groundbreaking tool for the analysis of such data. With ETM, one can map long term trends, trends in seasonality (such as vegetation phenology) and ...
... of earth observation image time series such as monthly global sea surface temperature and vegetation index imagery. The Earth Trends Modeler (ETM) is a groundbreaking tool for the analysis of such data. With ETM, one can map long term trends, trends in seasonality (such as vegetation phenology) and ...
On predicting climate under climate change
... course never perfect so within a model, ‘climate’ can be taken as the distribution resulting from an IC ensemble constructed using uncertainty in the system’s state on a chosen reference date. This approach raises conceptual issues. It is conceivable that multiple attractors coexist and the system i ...
... course never perfect so within a model, ‘climate’ can be taken as the distribution resulting from an IC ensemble constructed using uncertainty in the system’s state on a chosen reference date. This approach raises conceptual issues. It is conceivable that multiple attractors coexist and the system i ...
- Wiley Online Library
... cycle changes in the CMIP3 models, which show a widespread reduction in water availability over much of southern Europe and the Mediterranean because of decreased precipitation and increased evaporation (Mariotti et al., 2008). A study of temperature and precipitation extremes in northern Israel usi ...
... cycle changes in the CMIP3 models, which show a widespread reduction in water availability over much of southern Europe and the Mediterranean because of decreased precipitation and increased evaporation (Mariotti et al., 2008). A study of temperature and precipitation extremes in northern Israel usi ...
Introduction - Department of Meteorology and Climate Science
... since the Earth is much cooler than the Sun, its radiating energy is much weaker (long wavelength) infrared energy. energy radiation into the atmosphere as heat, rising from a hot road, creating shimmers on hot sunny days. The earth-atmosphere energy balance is achieved as the energy received from ...
... since the Earth is much cooler than the Sun, its radiating energy is much weaker (long wavelength) infrared energy. energy radiation into the atmosphere as heat, rising from a hot road, creating shimmers on hot sunny days. The earth-atmosphere energy balance is achieved as the energy received from ...
DICE 2013R - Yale Economics
... assessment models (IAMs) of climate-change economics, a detailed description of the DICE model as an example of an IAM, and the results of the latest projections and analysis using the DICE-2013R model. The main focus here is an introduction to the DICE-2013R model (which is an acronym for the Dynam ...
... assessment models (IAMs) of climate-change economics, a detailed description of the DICE model as an example of an IAM, and the results of the latest projections and analysis using the DICE-2013R model. The main focus here is an introduction to the DICE-2013R model (which is an acronym for the Dynam ...
15A.3 THE IMPACT OF FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE ON
... The values from simulations with A1B and A2 projected changes are similar to Knutson and Tuleya (2004), 18%, while the increase using the B1-projected changes is less, as expected with reduced tropospheric moistening relative to the other scenarios. Further analysis traced the increase in TC rainfal ...
... The values from simulations with A1B and A2 projected changes are similar to Knutson and Tuleya (2004), 18%, while the increase using the B1-projected changes is less, as expected with reduced tropospheric moistening relative to the other scenarios. Further analysis traced the increase in TC rainfal ...
Vol.12, No.1, 2012
... The slowest rate of change in Bermuda already exceeds 32 (56) times the rate estimated in LOVECLIM (MIROC) for the last glacial termination; in the Caribbean, which shows the largest regional trends, the decrease over the last 20 years reaches 78 (138) times the previous rate. Coral reefs live in pl ...
... The slowest rate of change in Bermuda already exceeds 32 (56) times the rate estimated in LOVECLIM (MIROC) for the last glacial termination; in the Caribbean, which shows the largest regional trends, the decrease over the last 20 years reaches 78 (138) times the previous rate. Coral reefs live in pl ...
understanding el niño in ocean–atmosphere general
... energy between fluctuations at different space and time scales. The Fig. 5. ENSO amplitude in 23 coupled CGCMs, including those used main nonlinear processes relevant for the IPCC AR4, as measured by the Niño-3 SST anomaly std dev to ENSO and highlighted by the in preindustrial simulations (blue bar ...
... energy between fluctuations at different space and time scales. The Fig. 5. ENSO amplitude in 23 coupled CGCMs, including those used main nonlinear processes relevant for the IPCC AR4, as measured by the Niño-3 SST anomaly std dev to ENSO and highlighted by the in preindustrial simulations (blue bar ...
UNDERSTANDING EL NIÑO IN OCEAN–ATMOSPHERE GENERAL
... energy between fluctuations at different space and time scales. The FIG. 5. ENSO amplitude in 23 coupled CGCMs, including those used main nonlinear processes relevant for the IPCC AR4, as measured by the Niño-3 SST anomaly std dev to ENSO and highlighted by the in preindustrial simulations (blue bar ...
... energy between fluctuations at different space and time scales. The FIG. 5. ENSO amplitude in 23 coupled CGCMs, including those used main nonlinear processes relevant for the IPCC AR4, as measured by the Niño-3 SST anomaly std dev to ENSO and highlighted by the in preindustrial simulations (blue bar ...
Oceanic forcing of the late 20 century Sahel drought
... Sahelian drying, and diagnoses some of the important physical processes involved. ...
... Sahelian drying, and diagnoses some of the important physical processes involved. ...
How do carbon cycle uncertainties affect IPCC temperature
... use a method that includes observed CO2 concentrations (1960–2010) to estimate the key carbon cycle parameters, along with other observations to constrain key climate parameters (Bodman et al., 2013). Results from complex models were not used in this process, although they do help in guiding the sel ...
... use a method that includes observed CO2 concentrations (1960–2010) to estimate the key carbon cycle parameters, along with other observations to constrain key climate parameters (Bodman et al., 2013). Results from complex models were not used in this process, although they do help in guiding the sel ...
Hydrological cycle over South and Southeast Asian river
... their quality due to huge inter-model structural differences; (ii) climate models’ output do not form a sample from any well-defined probability distribution. Moreover, GCMs feature systematic spatio-temporal biases. Therefore, taking the ensemble mean as the representative output from the multimodel ...
... their quality due to huge inter-model structural differences; (ii) climate models’ output do not form a sample from any well-defined probability distribution. Moreover, GCMs feature systematic spatio-temporal biases. Therefore, taking the ensemble mean as the representative output from the multimodel ...
Changes in Global Ocean Bottom Properties and Volume Transports
... Montégut et al. 2004). The observed MLD in the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean was obtained from the climatology of de Boyer Montégut et al. (2004), using the same density threshold criterion. The sea ice is also shown, as it can have a large impact on the MLD at high latitudes through brine rejec ...
... Montégut et al. 2004). The observed MLD in the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean was obtained from the climatology of de Boyer Montégut et al. (2004), using the same density threshold criterion. The sea ice is also shown, as it can have a large impact on the MLD at high latitudes through brine rejec ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.