MET 112 Global Climate Change - Department of Meteorology and
... since the Earth is much cooler than the Sun, its radiating energy is much weaker (long wavelength) infrared energy. energy radiation into the atmosphere as heat, rising from a hot road, creating shimmers on hot sunny days. The earth-atmosphere energy balance is achieved as the energy received from ...
... since the Earth is much cooler than the Sun, its radiating energy is much weaker (long wavelength) infrared energy. energy radiation into the atmosphere as heat, rising from a hot road, creating shimmers on hot sunny days. The earth-atmosphere energy balance is achieved as the energy received from ...
Forest ecotone response to climate change
... based on biological principles, using two different arguments. In fact, neither of these arguments holds up under scrutiny. The first argument is based on the well-known fact that photosynthesis measured on short time scales shows a unimodal response to temperature. It is then argued by extension th ...
... based on biological principles, using two different arguments. In fact, neither of these arguments holds up under scrutiny. The first argument is based on the well-known fact that photosynthesis measured on short time scales shows a unimodal response to temperature. It is then argued by extension th ...
Full text
... into the third dimension by 5m crown cells. This resolution is, in contrast to classical patch models (e.g. Shugart 1984, Botkin 1993), utilized to compute a detailed three-dimensional light environment for every patch of the stand, explicitly taking interactions between patches (i.e. stand structur ...
... into the third dimension by 5m crown cells. This resolution is, in contrast to classical patch models (e.g. Shugart 1984, Botkin 1993), utilized to compute a detailed three-dimensional light environment for every patch of the stand, explicitly taking interactions between patches (i.e. stand structur ...
01 - Crestwood Local Schools
... a warming trend would affect a particular region are extremely complex due___ to the large number of interacting variables. Some studies suggest that arid____ regions would suffer extreme temperature distress that would lead to _________ suffering for humans and other organisms. In addition, the exp ...
... a warming trend would affect a particular region are extremely complex due___ to the large number of interacting variables. Some studies suggest that arid____ regions would suffer extreme temperature distress that would lead to _________ suffering for humans and other organisms. In addition, the exp ...
Potential near future runoff changes in Croatia
... on regional spatial scales is by using regional climate models (RCMs). RCMs are being used in the last two decades and have many features in common with limited area numerical weather prediction models. They enable to dynamically downscale the results of global climate models (GCMs) and provide clim ...
... on regional spatial scales is by using regional climate models (RCMs). RCMs are being used in the last two decades and have many features in common with limited area numerical weather prediction models. They enable to dynamically downscale the results of global climate models (GCMs) and provide clim ...
Enhancement of the albedo of low stratus marine clouds
... (first indirect effect)[Twomey, 1977, Jones et al., 2005] as well as the second indirect effect where the smaller cloud droplets form precipitation less efficiently, and thus give the stratus clouds extended lifetime, increase the local time-mean albedo of the clouds [Albrecht, 1989] and [Jones et al., ...
... (first indirect effect)[Twomey, 1977, Jones et al., 2005] as well as the second indirect effect where the smaller cloud droplets form precipitation less efficiently, and thus give the stratus clouds extended lifetime, increase the local time-mean albedo of the clouds [Albrecht, 1989] and [Jones et al., ...
decadal climate variability, predictability and prediction
... spatial coherence. The resulting spectrum of an ocean variable, such as SST, is red, which means that the power increases with time scale. It has been shown ([48], [49]) that such a local model can explain much of the observed SST and salinity variability in parts of the middle latitudes, away from ...
... spatial coherence. The resulting spectrum of an ocean variable, such as SST, is red, which means that the power increases with time scale. It has been shown ([48], [49]) that such a local model can explain much of the observed SST and salinity variability in parts of the middle latitudes, away from ...
Niches, models, and climate change
... As the rate and magnitude of climate change accelerate, understanding the consequences becomes increasingly important. Species distribution models (SDMs) based on current ecological niche constraints are used to project future species distributions. These models contain assumptions that add to the u ...
... As the rate and magnitude of climate change accelerate, understanding the consequences becomes increasingly important. Species distribution models (SDMs) based on current ecological niche constraints are used to project future species distributions. These models contain assumptions that add to the u ...
Evaluating the Use of Ocean Models of Different Complexity in
... Due to these uncertainties, there is no single best climate model or best set of key climate parameters for projecting climate change. A sensible approach is therefore to produce probability distributions for the changes in the most important climate variables. Such probabilistic approaches are als ...
... Due to these uncertainties, there is no single best climate model or best set of key climate parameters for projecting climate change. A sensible approach is therefore to produce probability distributions for the changes in the most important climate variables. Such probabilistic approaches are als ...
Climate Models for the Layman - The Global Warming Policy
... required to do the calculations increases substantially – a doubling of resolution requires about 10 times more computing power, which is currently infeasible at many climate modelling centers. The coarseness of the model resolution is driven by the available computer resources, with tradeoffs made ...
... required to do the calculations increases substantially – a doubling of resolution requires about 10 times more computing power, which is currently infeasible at many climate modelling centers. The coarseness of the model resolution is driven by the available computer resources, with tradeoffs made ...
Soil drying in Europe and its impact on atmospheric
... subsequent change of the stratification of the atmosphere, its ability to trigger or fuel convection and form precipitation, or the change of spatial surface pressure gradients affecting the atmospheric circulation that in turn affects the advection of moist air. Koster et al (2004) used a nicely de ...
... subsequent change of the stratification of the atmosphere, its ability to trigger or fuel convection and form precipitation, or the change of spatial surface pressure gradients affecting the atmospheric circulation that in turn affects the advection of moist air. Koster et al (2004) used a nicely de ...
Modeling plant species distributions under future climates: how fine
... and its location would have diminishing spatial congruence (overlap) with the area of suitable habitat predicted at the finest scale; (b) climate-change refugia are more likely to be detected at finer spatial resolutions that better represent topographic effects on climate. ...
... and its location would have diminishing spatial congruence (overlap) with the area of suitable habitat predicted at the finest scale; (b) climate-change refugia are more likely to be detected at finer spatial resolutions that better represent topographic effects on climate. ...
Existing data and knowledge gaps about air-climate inter
... Assessing the combined impacts of various social and economical projections or environmental policies on climate and air quality is classically referred to as integrated assessment modelling. Suite of models (see Annex I for short descriptions of such models) are used to develop scenario and assess ...
... Assessing the combined impacts of various social and economical projections or environmental policies on climate and air quality is classically referred to as integrated assessment modelling. Suite of models (see Annex I for short descriptions of such models) are used to develop scenario and assess ...
Modelling the impacts of weather and climate variability on crop
... modelling methods (low input data requirements, validity over large areas) with the benefits of a process-based approach (the potential to capture variability due to different subseasonal weather patterns and hence increased validity under future climates), resulting in a general large-area model (G ...
... modelling methods (low input data requirements, validity over large areas) with the benefits of a process-based approach (the potential to capture variability due to different subseasonal weather patterns and hence increased validity under future climates), resulting in a general large-area model (G ...
PDF - AMS Journals - American Meteorological Society
... cited, but please be aware that there will be visual differences and possibly some content differences between this version and the final published version. The DOI for this manuscript is doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0183.1 The final published version of this manuscript will replace the preliminary versio ...
... cited, but please be aware that there will be visual differences and possibly some content differences between this version and the final published version. The DOI for this manuscript is doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0183.1 The final published version of this manuscript will replace the preliminary versio ...
Strategies for mitigating GHG emissions from India:
... impacts of climate change are estimated for various future climate scenarios projected using General Circulation Models (GCMs). The FOOD sub-model consists of a productivity model for 12 crops and an agricultural trade model. The potential productivity changes caused by climate change are estimated ...
... impacts of climate change are estimated for various future climate scenarios projected using General Circulation Models (GCMs). The FOOD sub-model consists of a productivity model for 12 crops and an agricultural trade model. The potential productivity changes caused by climate change are estimated ...
Impacts of climate change on air pollution levels in the Northern
... 21st century meteorology and part of the 20th century based on the IPCC SRES A2 scenario (Nakicenovic et al., 2000) every 6 h as input to DEHM. In order to save computing time the experiment is focused on three decades instead of simulating the 21st century in one continuous run. The three periods a ...
... 21st century meteorology and part of the 20th century based on the IPCC SRES A2 scenario (Nakicenovic et al., 2000) every 6 h as input to DEHM. In order to save computing time the experiment is focused on three decades instead of simulating the 21st century in one continuous run. The three periods a ...
Effects of Cropland Cover Changes on Regional Climate over
... have shown that land cover changes have important consequences for regional climate and ecosystem [Pielke, 2005; Gao et al., 2003]. Cropland as a special land type related to human activities has also significant impacts on regional climate in various areas worldwide, e.g., in China [Zhang et al., 2 ...
... have shown that land cover changes have important consequences for regional climate and ecosystem [Pielke, 2005; Gao et al., 2003]. Cropland as a special land type related to human activities has also significant impacts on regional climate in various areas worldwide, e.g., in China [Zhang et al., 2 ...
Coutts et al 2007
... consistency with the vegetation canopy scheme (e.g., CABLE) • For regional climate modelling, this is acceptable since the results of Kusaka et al (2001) suggest that the fluxes calculated by a single level model are close to that obtained from multi-level models • Nevertheless, air pollution modell ...
... consistency with the vegetation canopy scheme (e.g., CABLE) • For regional climate modelling, this is acceptable since the results of Kusaka et al (2001) suggest that the fluxes calculated by a single level model are close to that obtained from multi-level models • Nevertheless, air pollution modell ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.