Freeman Dyson, Debunked
... surface. And biological processes are affected by climate. The circulation of the ocean controls the nutrients available to phytoplankton, while temperature and precipitation affect the metabolism of biological organisms on land. Studying how biological processes and climate are related requires a n ...
... surface. And biological processes are affected by climate. The circulation of the ocean controls the nutrients available to phytoplankton, while temperature and precipitation affect the metabolism of biological organisms on land. Studying how biological processes and climate are related requires a n ...
Fine-grain modeling of species` response to climate change
... response to climate change is needed to produce these new insights. Such work is already underway for some regions [2–5], and is shifting the resolution of analyses in climate-change biology by orders of magnitude. We describe the recent advances in this revolution and provide terminology to help fr ...
... response to climate change is needed to produce these new insights. Such work is already underway for some regions [2–5], and is shifting the resolution of analyses in climate-change biology by orders of magnitude. We describe the recent advances in this revolution and provide terminology to help fr ...
Constraints on radiative forcing and future climate change from
... mean surface warming (Fig. 1b) for various set-ups of the ocean model and climate sensitivities. In this study, climate sensitivity is expressed as the increase of global-mean equilibrium surface temperature for a doubling of pre-industrial atmospheric CO2 concentration. The mean and standard deviat ...
... mean surface warming (Fig. 1b) for various set-ups of the ocean model and climate sensitivities. In this study, climate sensitivity is expressed as the increase of global-mean equilibrium surface temperature for a doubling of pre-industrial atmospheric CO2 concentration. The mean and standard deviat ...
Research priorities in land use and land
... groups to utilize modelled results are those that study climate interactions with ecosystems, water resources, biodiversity, agriculture, human settlements and ultimately for understanding the potential for human adaptation to climatic changes, as well as for finer resolution analysis of potential s ...
... groups to utilize modelled results are those that study climate interactions with ecosystems, water resources, biodiversity, agriculture, human settlements and ultimately for understanding the potential for human adaptation to climatic changes, as well as for finer resolution analysis of potential s ...
Hydrological cycle over South and Southeast Asian river basins as
... their quality due to huge inter-model structural differences; (ii) climate models’ output do not form a sample from any well-defined probability distribution. Moreover, GCMs feature systematic spatio-temporal biases. Therefore, taking the ensemble mean as the representative output from the multimode ...
... their quality due to huge inter-model structural differences; (ii) climate models’ output do not form a sample from any well-defined probability distribution. Moreover, GCMs feature systematic spatio-temporal biases. Therefore, taking the ensemble mean as the representative output from the multimode ...
How to read a Climate-Fact-Sheet
... projections regarding future climatic change, since one can generally assume that conclusions suggested by any single model, given the necessary simplification of naturally ...
... projections regarding future climatic change, since one can generally assume that conclusions suggested by any single model, given the necessary simplification of naturally ...
Impact of Climate Change on Annual Cooling and
... In this study, we attempt to construct near-future weather data in order to assist architectural design using numerical meteorological models. Climate data projected by global climate models (GCMs) are available. Although GCMs can predict long-term global warming, they cannot illustrate the details ...
... In this study, we attempt to construct near-future weather data in order to assist architectural design using numerical meteorological models. Climate data projected by global climate models (GCMs) are available. Although GCMs can predict long-term global warming, they cannot illustrate the details ...
Introduction - Department of Meteorology and Climate Science
... (long wavelength) infrared energy. energy radiation into the atmosphere as heat, rising from a hot road, creating shimmers on hot sunny days. The earth-atmosphere energy balance is achieved as the energy received from the Sun balances the energy lost by the Earth back into space. So, the Earth maint ...
... (long wavelength) infrared energy. energy radiation into the atmosphere as heat, rising from a hot road, creating shimmers on hot sunny days. The earth-atmosphere energy balance is achieved as the energy received from the Sun balances the energy lost by the Earth back into space. So, the Earth maint ...
PDF
... appropriate time and spatial scales in order to be relevant. For example, they identify settings in which such models might be relevant: (i) there must be enough spatial homogeneity in drivers and responses; (ii) there must be enough interconnectivity at the spatial and temporal scales under scrutin ...
... appropriate time and spatial scales in order to be relevant. For example, they identify settings in which such models might be relevant: (i) there must be enough spatial homogeneity in drivers and responses; (ii) there must be enough interconnectivity at the spatial and temporal scales under scrutin ...
Prediction and validation of the potential global distribution - Gt-ibma
... we evaluated the outcome of each introduction (from the introduction year to 2006: see Ficetola et al., 2007 for further details) as (1) invasive: a free-ranging population spread from the locality of introduction or (2) not invasive: the introduced population was extinct or, if established, did not ...
... we evaluated the outcome of each introduction (from the introduction year to 2006: see Ficetola et al., 2007 for further details) as (1) invasive: a free-ranging population spread from the locality of introduction or (2) not invasive: the introduced population was extinct or, if established, did not ...
Assessing Effects of Variation in Global Climate Data Sets on Spatial
... assumed that many users would be more likely to use untransformed data. June 2014 | Volume 5 | Issue 1 | 16 ...
... assumed that many users would be more likely to use untransformed data. June 2014 | Volume 5 | Issue 1 | 16 ...
DICE 2013R - Yale Economics
... assessment models (IAMs) of climate-change economics, a detailed description of the DICE model as an example of an IAM, and the results of the latest projections and analysis using the DICE-2013R model. The main focus here is an introduction to the DICE-2013R model (which is an acronym for the Dynam ...
... assessment models (IAMs) of climate-change economics, a detailed description of the DICE model as an example of an IAM, and the results of the latest projections and analysis using the DICE-2013R model. The main focus here is an introduction to the DICE-2013R model (which is an acronym for the Dynam ...
1 Simulation of Black Sea and Caspian Sea responses to
... The evidence for Milankovitch forcing of climate changes may be questioned for several reasons. First, there is no evidence that the climate cycles are periodic rather than aperiodic. Aperiodic factors, such as non-Milankovitch climate variability, could have driven these changes. Core records, both ...
... The evidence for Milankovitch forcing of climate changes may be questioned for several reasons. First, there is no evidence that the climate cycles are periodic rather than aperiodic. Aperiodic factors, such as non-Milankovitch climate variability, could have driven these changes. Core records, both ...
Attribution of Weather and Climate-Related Extreme Events
... available science that enables the public and decision makers to put such events into the context of both natural variability and climate change. Ideally one would wish such assessments to be issued regularly as in the case of weather forecasting, although some extreme events, which are often unanti ...
... available science that enables the public and decision makers to put such events into the context of both natural variability and climate change. Ideally one would wish such assessments to be issued regularly as in the case of weather forecasting, although some extreme events, which are often unanti ...
Forecasting the End of Climate Change Litigation: Why Expert
... the average temperature of the global ocean has increased to depths of at least 3000 m and that the ocean has been absorbing more than 80% of the heat added to the climate system. Such warming causes seawater to expand, contributing to sea level rise.”12 Because rising sea levels are capable of inun ...
... the average temperature of the global ocean has increased to depths of at least 3000 m and that the ocean has been absorbing more than 80% of the heat added to the climate system. Such warming causes seawater to expand, contributing to sea level rise.”12 Because rising sea levels are capable of inun ...
Document
... need for a model-based DSS which can improve temperatures are presented. the management efficiency of cotton production systems. About 15 cotton development models ...
... need for a model-based DSS which can improve temperatures are presented. the management efficiency of cotton production systems. About 15 cotton development models ...
Outline of implementation plan of Semi
... Water and energy cycle of air-soil-vegetation system in semi-arid regions; Improvement of parameterization of land surface process of semi-arid region to be coupled in climate models; Impacts of dust aerosols on hydrological cycle and climate at regional and global scales. Implement Strategies ...
... Water and energy cycle of air-soil-vegetation system in semi-arid regions; Improvement of parameterization of land surface process of semi-arid region to be coupled in climate models; Impacts of dust aerosols on hydrological cycle and climate at regional and global scales. Implement Strategies ...
Comment by: Patrick J. Michaels and Paul C. Knappenberger
... functions in these IAMs are typically calibrated by estimating damages at moderate temperature increases (e.g., DICE was calibrated at 2.5 °C) and extrapolated to far higher temperatures by assuming that damages increase as some power of the temperature change. Hence, estimated damages are far more ...
... functions in these IAMs are typically calibrated by estimating damages at moderate temperature increases (e.g., DICE was calibrated at 2.5 °C) and extrapolated to far higher temperatures by assuming that damages increase as some power of the temperature change. Hence, estimated damages are far more ...
Aerosol-induced thermal effects increase modelled terrestrial
... radiation without considering how concomitant changes in leaf temperature and transpiration rates might affect photosynthesis. Other researchers have noted that aerosol-induced changes in the surface solar radiation can influence leaf temperatures and transpiration rates (Baldocchi et al., 2002; Gu ...
... radiation without considering how concomitant changes in leaf temperature and transpiration rates might affect photosynthesis. Other researchers have noted that aerosol-induced changes in the surface solar radiation can influence leaf temperatures and transpiration rates (Baldocchi et al., 2002; Gu ...
Five (or so) challenges for species distribution modelling
... interactions within the niche framework is that the clear-cut dichotomy between fundamental and realized niches becomes artificial and its usefulness debatable. If positive interactions were considered part of the fundamental niche (as implied by Hutchinson’s statements), then why should negative in ...
... interactions within the niche framework is that the clear-cut dichotomy between fundamental and realized niches becomes artificial and its usefulness debatable. If positive interactions were considered part of the fundamental niche (as implied by Hutchinson’s statements), then why should negative in ...
Multi-Model Projection of July–August Climate Extreme Changes
... The observational dataset used in this study includes the daily maximum temperatures and daily minimum temperatures at 740 stations covering mainland China for the period 1961–2000. The corresponding daily precipitation data have been used in the analysis of precipitation extremes (Li et al., 2008). ...
... The observational dataset used in this study includes the daily maximum temperatures and daily minimum temperatures at 740 stations covering mainland China for the period 1961–2000. The corresponding daily precipitation data have been used in the analysis of precipitation extremes (Li et al., 2008). ...
Five (or so) challenges for species distribution modelling
... interactions within the niche framework is that the clear-cut dichotomy between fundamental and realized niches becomes artificial and its usefulness debatable. If positive interactions were considered part of the fundamental niche (as implied by Hutchinson’s statements), then why should negative in ...
... interactions within the niche framework is that the clear-cut dichotomy between fundamental and realized niches becomes artificial and its usefulness debatable. If positive interactions were considered part of the fundamental niche (as implied by Hutchinson’s statements), then why should negative in ...
A road map for integrating eco-evolutionary
... because the enemy tends to lag behind the victim, causing an enemy release at the edge of the range and thus much faster population growth (Moorcroft et al. 2006). A striking example highlighted by Van der Putten et al. (2010) concerns the North American tree species Prunus serotina (black cherry). ...
... because the enemy tends to lag behind the victim, causing an enemy release at the edge of the range and thus much faster population growth (Moorcroft et al. 2006). A striking example highlighted by Van der Putten et al. (2010) concerns the North American tree species Prunus serotina (black cherry). ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.