Intermodel variability of the poleward shift of the austral jet stream in
... stratospheric conditions in this season. Son et al. [2008b] document that differences in ozone forcing can change the sign of the jet shift in the 21st century: the jet shifts equatorward in CMIP3 models where recovery of the ozone hole is simulated, but continues to shift poleward in models where o ...
... stratospheric conditions in this season. Son et al. [2008b] document that differences in ozone forcing can change the sign of the jet shift in the 21st century: the jet shifts equatorward in CMIP3 models where recovery of the ozone hole is simulated, but continues to shift poleward in models where o ...
Diurnal temperature range as an index of global
... is sensitive to the size of the control run and reduces the significance of results for the smaller control time series. For the long control integrations of CSIRO Mk2 and PCM, the correlation of DTR with Tmean is not significantly different from that observed, with essentially zero mean correlation ...
... is sensitive to the size of the control run and reduces the significance of results for the smaller control time series. For the long control integrations of CSIRO Mk2 and PCM, the correlation of DTR with Tmean is not significantly different from that observed, with essentially zero mean correlation ...
Rapid Climate Change Science Plan
... 1997, Vellinga and Wood 2001, Seager et al. 2001). The THC consists of deep convection induced by surface cooling at high latitudes, sinking to depth, and upwelling of deep waters at lower latitudes, with horizontal shallow and deep currents feeding these vertical flows. The deep convection and sink ...
... 1997, Vellinga and Wood 2001, Seager et al. 2001). The THC consists of deep convection induced by surface cooling at high latitudes, sinking to depth, and upwelling of deep waters at lower latitudes, with horizontal shallow and deep currents feeding these vertical flows. The deep convection and sink ...
Lesson: Concerning Climate- Weather Matters
... Climate Change and Weather 1. How are climate change and weather connected? Climate describes the normal conditions in a given area during different parts of the year, such as seasons and average temperature. When a change occurs in climate, it can affect the average for the area. For example, a glo ...
... Climate Change and Weather 1. How are climate change and weather connected? Climate describes the normal conditions in a given area during different parts of the year, such as seasons and average temperature. When a change occurs in climate, it can affect the average for the area. For example, a glo ...
Selection of Climate Models for Developing - hi
... cycle of precipitation in the region. However, even these three models had difficulties reproducing observed trends in precipitation. The authors conclude that since no single model can be chosen as best performing, it is important to use results from the whole range of models in climate change impa ...
... cycle of precipitation in the region. However, even these three models had difficulties reproducing observed trends in precipitation. The authors conclude that since no single model can be chosen as best performing, it is important to use results from the whole range of models in climate change impa ...
4 Modelling impacts of drivers on biodiversity and ecosystem
... mask critical sub-global variations. Local and regional case studies can provide the spatial and temporal resolution required to identify and account for major variations in cause-to-cover relationships and the consequence on biodiversity. But, single-factor explanations, at the macro or the micro s ...
... mask critical sub-global variations. Local and regional case studies can provide the spatial and temporal resolution required to identify and account for major variations in cause-to-cover relationships and the consequence on biodiversity. But, single-factor explanations, at the macro or the micro s ...
An intercomparison of observed and simulated extreme rainfall and
... changes in variability and hence extreme events that could accompany global climate change. Short-scale extreme events have long been of interest to meteorologists because most of the meteorological-related human and monetary costs are usually incurred during the brief periods of these short-term ev ...
... changes in variability and hence extreme events that could accompany global climate change. Short-scale extreme events have long been of interest to meteorologists because most of the meteorological-related human and monetary costs are usually incurred during the brief periods of these short-term ev ...
evident - Mudanças Climáticas
... changes in variability and hence extreme events that could accompany global climate change. Short-scale extreme events have long been of interest to meteorologists because most of the meteorological-related human and monetary costs are usually incurred during the brief periods of these short-term ev ...
... changes in variability and hence extreme events that could accompany global climate change. Short-scale extreme events have long been of interest to meteorologists because most of the meteorological-related human and monetary costs are usually incurred during the brief periods of these short-term ev ...
inventory cost settings in small bucket lot
... in one period and to finish it in the next period (Haase 1998, Sox, Gao 1999, Suerie, Stadtler 2003). Such lot linking allows significant savings. Haase (1998) reports a reduction of the total costs of up to 16% and Suerie (2005) even 20%. The Proportional Lot-sizing and Scheduling Problem (PLSP) is t ...
... in one period and to finish it in the next period (Haase 1998, Sox, Gao 1999, Suerie, Stadtler 2003). Such lot linking allows significant savings. Haase (1998) reports a reduction of the total costs of up to 16% and Suerie (2005) even 20%. The Proportional Lot-sizing and Scheduling Problem (PLSP) is t ...
IEM_RWO_Proposal_PhaseIII_20160531
... We identified three priority issues to incorporate into the IEM in Phase II to more fully address issues throughout the study region: 1) tundra fire and treeline/tundra succession dynamics, 2) landscape-level thermokarst dynamics, and 3) wetland dynamics. We successfully incorporated tundra fire and ...
... We identified three priority issues to incorporate into the IEM in Phase II to more fully address issues throughout the study region: 1) tundra fire and treeline/tundra succession dynamics, 2) landscape-level thermokarst dynamics, and 3) wetland dynamics. We successfully incorporated tundra fire and ...
Full-Text PDF
... decomposes a time-dependent periodic phenomenon into a series of sinusoidal functions, each defined by unique amplitude and phase values. The proportion of variance in the original time-series data set accounted for by each term of the harmonic analysis can also be calculated [25,26]. The first orde ...
... decomposes a time-dependent periodic phenomenon into a series of sinusoidal functions, each defined by unique amplitude and phase values. The proportion of variance in the original time-series data set accounted for by each term of the harmonic analysis can also be calculated [25,26]. The first orde ...
Potential Evapotranspiration Under Present and Future
... WRF-RCM model and compared to the measured metrological data. The same statistical analysis was also used to test the goodness of fit between the measured and projected data. The results in Table 2.9 indicated that the predictions of WRF-RCM model were more close to the measured weather data. The val ...
... WRF-RCM model and compared to the measured metrological data. The same statistical analysis was also used to test the goodness of fit between the measured and projected data. The results in Table 2.9 indicated that the predictions of WRF-RCM model were more close to the measured weather data. The val ...
Lab 1: Weather discussion and internet resources
... around the hemisphere, but, like the polar front, it is discontinuous and varies greatly from day to day. A subtropical jet stream is found, at some longitudes, between 20° and 30° latitude and is strongest off the Asian coast. Currently, in the analysis of upper-level charts, a jet stream is indica ...
... around the hemisphere, but, like the polar front, it is discontinuous and varies greatly from day to day. A subtropical jet stream is found, at some longitudes, between 20° and 30° latitude and is strongest off the Asian coast. Currently, in the analysis of upper-level charts, a jet stream is indica ...
Role of Ocean in Global Warming - J
... which a general circulation model of the atmosphere is combined with that of ocean, Bryan et al. (1988) investigated the role of ocean in shaping the CO2 -induced warming of the Earth’s surface. The coupled model has socalled sector domain bounded by two meridians that are 180 apart. Cyclic continu ...
... which a general circulation model of the atmosphere is combined with that of ocean, Bryan et al. (1988) investigated the role of ocean in shaping the CO2 -induced warming of the Earth’s surface. The coupled model has socalled sector domain bounded by two meridians that are 180 apart. Cyclic continu ...
UK Climate Projections science report: Marine and coastal projections
... comments have been taken into account in improving the reports. The science is not yet at a point where the same type of approach can be reliably applied to models of the marine environment so the majority of this report presents the latest model projections as individual scenarios, providing best e ...
... comments have been taken into account in improving the reports. The science is not yet at a point where the same type of approach can be reliably applied to models of the marine environment so the majority of this report presents the latest model projections as individual scenarios, providing best e ...
Interhemispheric Temperature Asymmetry over the
... Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP; Hansen et al. 2010), which we also compare with those from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC; Smith et al. 2008), and the Hadley Centre/Climatic Research Unit, version 4 (HadCRUT4; Morice et al. 2012). The datasets combine land surface air temperature wit ...
... Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP; Hansen et al. 2010), which we also compare with those from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC; Smith et al. 2008), and the Hadley Centre/Climatic Research Unit, version 4 (HadCRUT4; Morice et al. 2012). The datasets combine land surface air temperature wit ...
Interannual variability of plant phenology in tussock tundra
... spring and the initiation of freezing in autumn were predicted correctly in most cases. The phenology model predicted the bud break date of Betula nana closely for the three different years. The soil thaw model predicted similar growing season start dates under current climate as the models based on ...
... spring and the initiation of freezing in autumn were predicted correctly in most cases. The phenology model predicted the bud break date of Betula nana closely for the three different years. The soil thaw model predicted similar growing season start dates under current climate as the models based on ...
Contributions to the management of Chancay
... Preprocessing and is one of the most important steps in the preparation of analysis of water in ArcHydro. The role of the pre-processing field is twofold: It aims at developing a correct hydrologic digital elevation model (DEM) and of its derivatives (e.g. direction, accumulation and preferential pa ...
... Preprocessing and is one of the most important steps in the preparation of analysis of water in ArcHydro. The role of the pre-processing field is twofold: It aims at developing a correct hydrologic digital elevation model (DEM) and of its derivatives (e.g. direction, accumulation and preferential pa ...
The effects of buffer and temperature feedback on the
... The initial conditions of the feedback model were prescribed as 292 ppm of atmospheric CO2 concentration, DIC0 =2.053 mol m−3 , νm0 = νa0 =0 and T0 = 15◦ C. For the anthropogenic CO2 production, the data compiled by Marland et al. [1999] from 1860 to 1996 were used. For the period of 1997 to 2100, t ...
... The initial conditions of the feedback model were prescribed as 292 ppm of atmospheric CO2 concentration, DIC0 =2.053 mol m−3 , νm0 = νa0 =0 and T0 = 15◦ C. For the anthropogenic CO2 production, the data compiled by Marland et al. [1999] from 1860 to 1996 were used. For the period of 1997 to 2100, t ...
Radiative forcing of climate by historical land cover change
... [2] In the study of anthropogenic climate change, there is a growing interest in the ways that human activities interact to affect the climate system. In particular, human land-use over the last several centuries, through large scale changes to the global vegetation cover, has had a potentially sign ...
... [2] In the study of anthropogenic climate change, there is a growing interest in the ways that human activities interact to affect the climate system. In particular, human land-use over the last several centuries, through large scale changes to the global vegetation cover, has had a potentially sign ...
Climate –carbon cycle feedback analysis, results from the C MIP
... ocean dynamics (Hansen 1983). The mixed-layer ocean depth is the annual mean derived from Levitus et al. (2000). The terrestrial carbon model Vegetation-Global-Atmosphere-Soil VEGAS (Zeng 2003; Zeng et al. 2004; Zeng et al. 2005) is a dynamic vegetation model with full soil carbon dynamics. Competit ...
... ocean dynamics (Hansen 1983). The mixed-layer ocean depth is the annual mean derived from Levitus et al. (2000). The terrestrial carbon model Vegetation-Global-Atmosphere-Soil VEGAS (Zeng 2003; Zeng et al. 2004; Zeng et al. 2005) is a dynamic vegetation model with full soil carbon dynamics. Competit ...
Optimization and Control of Agent
... area of computational simulation science. The notion that computation has come to complement experiment and theory as a third pillar of science arises from the use of complex computational simulations not only as a means of integrating and comparing theory and experiment but, more importantly, as to ...
... area of computational simulation science. The notion that computation has come to complement experiment and theory as a third pillar of science arises from the use of complex computational simulations not only as a means of integrating and comparing theory and experiment but, more importantly, as to ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.