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Glycemic State Regulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Glycemic State Regulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

... During a time when role models seem to become rarer and rarer, I‟ve had the privilege of learning from one of the best, Professor Alastair Ferguson. Thank you Al, not only for ironing out the rough edges of my research every step of the way, but also for teaching me the importance of balance in my l ...
Afferent Fiber Remodeling in the Somatosensory Thalamus of Mice
Afferent Fiber Remodeling in the Somatosensory Thalamus of Mice

... The somatosensory thalamus receives lemniscal fibers (sensory afferents) from the brainstem and projects to the primary somatosensory cortex (Watson et al., 2012). Connections between lemniscal fibers and thalamic neurons in the whisker sensory thalamus (V2 VPM) of the mouse have been a representati ...
Ethanol Facilitates Glutamatergic Transmission to Dopamine
Ethanol Facilitates Glutamatergic Transmission to Dopamine

... QC, Canada ...
Dynamics of spontaneous activity in the cerebral cortex across brain states
Dynamics of spontaneous activity in the cerebral cortex across brain states

... d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) i a través del Dipòsit Digital de la UB (diposit.ub.edu) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció a ...
Sample
Sample

... generate axonal regrowth after an injury. A) Schwann cells injury. B) neurons C) stem cells D) red blood cells ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the development of epilepsy
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the development of epilepsy

... Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases, but our understanding of the detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying it remains incomplete. Several pathological changes typically occur in the epileptic brain, including neuronal loss, neurogenesis, neurite growth, and reorgani ...


... glial cells, was observed to correlate well with TSE related lessions. This may suggest that, among all neurotrophic factors evaluated, this receptor is involved in end stage brain pathology in BSE. Additionally, the study of the peripheral nervous system neuroregeneration was carried out following ...
A neurotoxic regimen of MDMA suppresses behavioral, thermal and
A neurotoxic regimen of MDMA suppresses behavioral, thermal and

... (Green et al. 1995; Scheffel et al. 1998). The evidence of MDMA-induced 5-HT toxicity is based on biochemical studies in which there is a reduction in the tissue concentration of 5-HT and its major metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (Stone et al. 1986; Schmidt 1987); reduction in the activity of ...
Galanin-like peptide: a key player in the homeostatic regulation of
Galanin-like peptide: a key player in the homeostatic regulation of

... GALP-positive fibers in the rat ARC project to several hypothalamic nuclei. There are at least two major proposed GALP neural pathways, one in which GALP-containing neurons project from the ARC to the PVH and the other in which they project to the medial preoptic area, the bed nucleus of the stria t ...
Effect of PACAP in Central and Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Effect of PACAP in Central and Peripheral Nerve Injuries

... The results of this stab injury model were in contrast with those reported by Skoglosa and coworkers [33] and maybe due to the differences between the two trauma models. It is known that the stab injury does not induce an inflammatory response as severe as the contusion model. The upregulation of PA ...
involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis activated by
involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis activated by

... the stria terminalis (BST), and the central sublenticular extended amygdala, which is a part of the dorsal substantia innominata, while the medial extended amygdala includes the medial nucleus of the amygdala and the medial BST (Alheid et al., 1995). Recently, it has been suggested that the extended ...
Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the vestibular system
Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the vestibular system

... intracellular calcium levels. Firing rate potentiation, by contrast, is triggered by decreases in intracellular calcium levels, which in turn reduce tonic activity of calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) [52]. In spontaneously firing vestibular nucleus neurons, CaMKII activity ...
Psychosocial Stress in Rats: Animal Model of PTSD Based on
Psychosocial Stress in Rats: Animal Model of PTSD Based on

... expression, and most important, persistence. That is, only a subset (10–50 %) of traumatized individuals develops PTSD, depending on a multitude of interacting risk factors, including the nature of the trauma, genetics, gender, social support, and early life experiences (Zoladz and Diamond 2013). Th ...
Bipolar Cell
Bipolar Cell

... organs of vision and the relatively large proportion of the brain that is devoted to the analysis of visual information. • Approximately 20 percent of the cerebral cortex plays a direct role in the analysis of visual information. ...
the role of zinc in the pathogenesis and treatment of central nervous
the role of zinc in the pathogenesis and treatment of central nervous

... organism is an antioxidative protection (6, 7). Zinc decreases ROS generation by several mechanisms. Firstly, the zinc antioxidative effect occurs through activity of zinc dependent enzyme, superoxide dismutase (1). Secondly, zinc metallothioneins (MT) can bind and neutralize ROS due to their sulfhy ...
Essentials in the neuronal organization of the CNS
Essentials in the neuronal organization of the CNS

... central nervous system. It is important to see clearly, however, that this handout does not substitute for the textbooks, but it can be used best in combination with the texts and the illustrations found in them. It will be important to read the Glossary on the first few pages to become familiar wit ...
Selective attention through selective neuronal synchronization
Selective attention through selective neuronal synchronization

... Selective synchronization and selective attentional processing 1c). Consistent with this hypothesis, the interaction pattern of one neuronal group (A) with two other groups (B and C) can be predicted by their pattern of precise synchronization (Figure 1c). This has recently been demonstrated for in ...
Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the
Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the

... Hoesen, 1981; Amaral and Price, 1984; Barbas and De Olmos, 1990; Morecraft et al., 1992; Carmichael and Price, 1995), and appears to be essential in judging rewarding or aversive outcomes of actions (e.g., Bechara et al., 1997; Schoenbaum et al., 1998). Posterior orbitofrontal cortex, in particular, ...
Changing Fear: The Neurocircuitry of Emotion Regulation
Changing Fear: The Neurocircuitry of Emotion Regulation

... Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA; 2Departments of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA ...
Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex
Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex

... organization as in the monkey. However, the areas controlling the hand and mouth are even larger than in monkeys, whereas the area controlling the foot is much smaller. Penfield emphasized that this cartoon illustrated the relative size of the representation of each body part in the motor map; he di ...
Learned Helplessness at Fifty: Insights From Neuroscience
Learned Helplessness at Fifty: Insights From Neuroscience

... animals would not sit still in the shuttlebox since they had learned that they could control shock; whereas the associationistic theory predicted that they would show the competing response of “helplessness.” This was a crucial test of contiguity versus cognition and Maier found that this escapable ...
amygdala projections to central amygdaloid nucleus subdivisions
amygdala projections to central amygdaloid nucleus subdivisions

... fear stimuli. Recent evidence also shows that the CeN is required for directing attention and behaviors when the salience of competing stimuli is in flux. To examine how information flows through this key output region of the primate amygdala, we first placed small injections of retrograde tracers i ...
neural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus
neural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus

... then the cerebral peduncle. In contrast, fibers from the nucleus accumbens descend initially through the medial half of the SI and the rostromedial tip of the GP before entering the LPO and then the LHA. The bottom panels of Figure 2 illustrate the major difference in the course of fibers from the n ...
The Relation between Dendritic Geometry
The Relation between Dendritic Geometry

... software (MicroBright-Field, Colchester, VT) using an Olympus Optical (Hamburg, Germany) BX50 microscope at a final magnification of 10003 (using a 1003, 1.25 NA objective). The reconstructions provided the basis for the quantitative morphological analysis (see below). The soma was reconstructed by dr ...
Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy
Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy

... may result from undefined environmental factors acting on a susceptible genetic background (Mignot, 1998). Recently, it was demonstrated that orexin-A was undetectable in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the majority of patients with narcolepsy, indicating that abnormal orexin neurotransmission also ...
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Aging brain

Age is a major risk factor for most common neurodegenerative diseases, including Mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's disease and Lou Gehrig's disease. While much research has focused on diseases of aging, there are few informative studies on the molecular biology of the aging brain (usually spelled ageing brain in British English) in the absence of neurodegenerative disease or the neuropsychological profile of healthy older adults. However, research does suggest that the aging process is associated with several structural, chemical, and functional changes in the brain as well as a host of neurocognitive changes. Recent reports in model organisms suggest that as organisms age, there are distinct changes in the expression of genes at the single neuron level. This page is devoted to reviewing the changes associated with healthy aging.
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