Differential regulation of the central neural cardiorespiratory system
... Figure 1. (Opposite.) A diagram of pathways in the regulation of the cardiorespiratory system: (a) all pathways overlapped. The bulbospinal red pathways are in the RVLM (figure 2a) and integrate information from the centre and the periphery. The output from this nucleus is crucial for maintaining no ...
... Figure 1. (Opposite.) A diagram of pathways in the regulation of the cardiorespiratory system: (a) all pathways overlapped. The bulbospinal red pathways are in the RVLM (figure 2a) and integrate information from the centre and the periphery. The output from this nucleus is crucial for maintaining no ...
GnRH Protein Levels in Atrazine-Treated Axolotls
... determination methods for axolotls do not exist. In future studies, it may be beneficial to raise all specimens into adulthood, and divide the animals up by sex to process the data. Of course, further perturbations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis may also occur in older animals, or conver ...
... determination methods for axolotls do not exist. In future studies, it may be beneficial to raise all specimens into adulthood, and divide the animals up by sex to process the data. Of course, further perturbations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis may also occur in older animals, or conver ...
neuropathology of dopamine systems in schizophrenia
... basal activity at time of death, while changes in subunit protein expression are related to long-term regulation of the enzyme, affecting the “reserve capacity” of the mitochondria to respond to higher energy demands. Finally, we performed neuronal counts of dopaminergic and total number of neurons ...
... basal activity at time of death, while changes in subunit protein expression are related to long-term regulation of the enzyme, affecting the “reserve capacity” of the mitochondria to respond to higher energy demands. Finally, we performed neuronal counts of dopaminergic and total number of neurons ...
The ventral striatum - Brain imaging of Parkinson`s disease
... The role of ventral striatum in the processes of reward, motivation, and decision-making is now generally accepted based on a broad range of results coming from neuroimaging studies in humans and from local pharmacological disturbances studies in animals, mostly rats. In the rat, it was shown that t ...
... The role of ventral striatum in the processes of reward, motivation, and decision-making is now generally accepted based on a broad range of results coming from neuroimaging studies in humans and from local pharmacological disturbances studies in animals, mostly rats. In the rat, it was shown that t ...
Effects of insulin under normal and low glucose on retinal
... malized b-wave and ONR-ON amplitudes with corresponding original traces (insets) of single trials is depicted in Figure 3. The differential effect on the bwave compared to the ONR-ON amplitude was independent of the duration of the light stimulus of 20 or 400 msec (n = 2 trials). Increasing the insu ...
... malized b-wave and ONR-ON amplitudes with corresponding original traces (insets) of single trials is depicted in Figure 3. The differential effect on the bwave compared to the ONR-ON amplitude was independent of the duration of the light stimulus of 20 or 400 msec (n = 2 trials). Increasing the insu ...
The Effects of Short-term and Long-term Learning on the Responses
... example, even centrally presented novel objects can guide people’s eyes and attention in a particular direction because of the way that they are shaped, despite the fact that doing so is task-irrelevant or even detrimental to task performance (Sigurdardottir et al., 2014). These orienting effects ar ...
... example, even centrally presented novel objects can guide people’s eyes and attention in a particular direction because of the way that they are shaped, despite the fact that doing so is task-irrelevant or even detrimental to task performance (Sigurdardottir et al., 2014). These orienting effects ar ...
The Switch of Subthalamic Neurons From an Irregular to a Bursting
... tremor generator in PD. By contrast, in vivo we have shown recently that STN neuronal activity could spontaneously shift from a more or less regular discharge in wakefulness (W) to a bursty pattern in slow-wave sleep (SWS) but without related changes in the GP firing pattern (Urbain et al., 2000). N ...
... tremor generator in PD. By contrast, in vivo we have shown recently that STN neuronal activity could spontaneously shift from a more or less regular discharge in wakefulness (W) to a bursty pattern in slow-wave sleep (SWS) but without related changes in the GP firing pattern (Urbain et al., 2000). N ...
4 - Radboud Repository
... how easily glucocorticoids can bind to them. The MR is mostly expressed in the hippocampus, the amygdala, lateral septum, parts of the prefrontal cortex, and the cerebellum (Arriza et al, 1988). These structures are among others associated with cognitive functions such as spatial orientation, detect ...
... how easily glucocorticoids can bind to them. The MR is mostly expressed in the hippocampus, the amygdala, lateral septum, parts of the prefrontal cortex, and the cerebellum (Arriza et al, 1988). These structures are among others associated with cognitive functions such as spatial orientation, detect ...
Nicotine injections into the ventral tegmental area increase
... stimuli, including drugs (see Ref. [28] for review). Thus, the expression of c-/os and other immediate early genes has been found to be increased in DA target areas by several drugs which increase the extracellular concentration of DA such as cocaine, amphetamine and morphine [15,23,27,46]. Indeed, ...
... stimuli, including drugs (see Ref. [28] for review). Thus, the expression of c-/os and other immediate early genes has been found to be increased in DA target areas by several drugs which increase the extracellular concentration of DA such as cocaine, amphetamine and morphine [15,23,27,46]. Indeed, ...
Characterization of MeCP2e1 Transgenic Mice
... known to be involved in gene transcription and expression, abnormal epigenetic regulation is thought to be the underlying cause of RTT pathogenesis (1). MeCP2 is a DNA-binding protein that preferentially binds methylated CpG dinucleotide regions of DNA (4, 5). In vitro studies have lent substantial ...
... known to be involved in gene transcription and expression, abnormal epigenetic regulation is thought to be the underlying cause of RTT pathogenesis (1). MeCP2 is a DNA-binding protein that preferentially binds methylated CpG dinucleotide regions of DNA (4, 5). In vitro studies have lent substantial ...
Neurobiological mechanisms of puberty in higher primates
... three major stages of postnatal development; namely, infancy± juvenile development±puberty (El Majdoubi et al., 2000a). Moreover, this pattern in the ontogeny in NPY gene expression is correlated with a structural remodelling of the interactions between NPY axonal varicosities and GnRH perikarya in ...
... three major stages of postnatal development; namely, infancy± juvenile development±puberty (El Majdoubi et al., 2000a). Moreover, this pattern in the ontogeny in NPY gene expression is correlated with a structural remodelling of the interactions between NPY axonal varicosities and GnRH perikarya in ...
The Olfactory–Limbic System and Multiple Chemical
... color spectrum. The auditory system just requires a specialized physical structure – the cochlea, which is constructed via genes used for multiple other roles in development. “In the eye we can discriminate several hundred different hues and we do so with receptor molecules that recognize different ...
... color spectrum. The auditory system just requires a specialized physical structure – the cochlea, which is constructed via genes used for multiple other roles in development. “In the eye we can discriminate several hundred different hues and we do so with receptor molecules that recognize different ...
Plasticity-related genes in brain development and amygdala
... memory (Kandel & O’Dell 1992). Throughout life, neural plasticity is necessary to provide adaptive and enduring refinement of the brain and behavior. Brain structure and function must be permanently altered in the face of developmental cues, and comparable long-term alterations are thought to be the ...
... memory (Kandel & O’Dell 1992). Throughout life, neural plasticity is necessary to provide adaptive and enduring refinement of the brain and behavior. Brain structure and function must be permanently altered in the face of developmental cues, and comparable long-term alterations are thought to be the ...
facing page
... Another key factor could be the unique developmental profile of the adolescent brain. The special peculiarities of such a brain are the high level of neuroplasticity, the set of neurobehavioral alterations, the biochemical rearrangement, the neuronal reduction and specific changes in receptors and n ...
... Another key factor could be the unique developmental profile of the adolescent brain. The special peculiarities of such a brain are the high level of neuroplasticity, the set of neurobehavioral alterations, the biochemical rearrangement, the neuronal reduction and specific changes in receptors and n ...
Playing the electric light orchestra—how electrical stimulation of
... such as amblyopia, blindness and visual hallucinations. Prominent methods currently used to investigate the function of visual cortex are often correlational and include neuroimaging, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and electrophysiological techniques, such as single cell neuro ...
... such as amblyopia, blindness and visual hallucinations. Prominent methods currently used to investigate the function of visual cortex are often correlational and include neuroimaging, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and electrophysiological techniques, such as single cell neuro ...
View: Chapter Text (PDF with new
... has some features resembling the spinal cord, with which it is continuous (Fig. 18–8). In a transverse section, one can see a central canal, superficial white matter, laterally expanded central gray matter, a ventral median fissure, and a dorsal median sulcus and septum. A dominant feature of the sp ...
... has some features resembling the spinal cord, with which it is continuous (Fig. 18–8). In a transverse section, one can see a central canal, superficial white matter, laterally expanded central gray matter, a ventral median fissure, and a dorsal median sulcus and septum. A dominant feature of the sp ...
FULL TEXT PDF - Neuroendocrinology Letters
... response. For example, the functional menu of GnRH peptides may have enlarged during the time when vertebrate brains became larger and thicker, placing greater distances between hypothalamus and pituitary. Kavanaugh et al. (2008) have hypothesized that the ancestral GnRH that gave rise to lamprey Gn ...
... response. For example, the functional menu of GnRH peptides may have enlarged during the time when vertebrate brains became larger and thicker, placing greater distances between hypothalamus and pituitary. Kavanaugh et al. (2008) have hypothesized that the ancestral GnRH that gave rise to lamprey Gn ...
Spinal Cord Terminations of the Medial Wall Motor Areas in
... view, the medial wall is unfolded and reflected upward to reveal the cingulate sulcus. The anterior bank of the central sulcus is also unfolded. A dashed line marks the fundus of each unfolded sulcus. The centers of the different cortical motor areas are designated by the circled letters. The bounda ...
... view, the medial wall is unfolded and reflected upward to reveal the cingulate sulcus. The anterior bank of the central sulcus is also unfolded. A dashed line marks the fundus of each unfolded sulcus. The centers of the different cortical motor areas are designated by the circled letters. The bounda ...
Decreased cohesin in the brain leads to defective synapse
... analysis of dendritic arborization. Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) staining revealed that the dendritic arbors in the CdLS brain were thin, tortuous, and fragmented (Fig. 7 A), consistent with our observations of dendritic arbors in Smc3+/− mice (Fig. 3 A). With Nissl staining, the den ...
... analysis of dendritic arborization. Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) staining revealed that the dendritic arbors in the CdLS brain were thin, tortuous, and fragmented (Fig. 7 A), consistent with our observations of dendritic arbors in Smc3+/− mice (Fig. 3 A). With Nissl staining, the den ...
Generation of Theta and Gamma Rhythms in the Hippocampus
... inhibition. The model also predicts a behaviorally dependent inhibition, which was confirmed experimentally using paired-pulse responses. Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) of the population spikes in CA1 was larger during walking than immobility, mostly mediated by a cholinergic input. Spike responses ...
... inhibition. The model also predicts a behaviorally dependent inhibition, which was confirmed experimentally using paired-pulse responses. Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) of the population spikes in CA1 was larger during walking than immobility, mostly mediated by a cholinergic input. Spike responses ...
Development of the brain stem in the rat. V. Thymidine‐radiographic
... 3H-thymidinefrom gestational day E l 2 and 13 (El2+ 13)until the day before parturition (E21+ 22) in order to label in their embryos the proliferating precursors of neurons. At 60 days of age the proportion of neurons generated (nolonger labeled) on specific embryonic days was determined quantitativ ...
... 3H-thymidinefrom gestational day E l 2 and 13 (El2+ 13)until the day before parturition (E21+ 22) in order to label in their embryos the proliferating precursors of neurons. At 60 days of age the proportion of neurons generated (nolonger labeled) on specific embryonic days was determined quantitativ ...
Chronic Use and Cognitive Functioning and Mental Health
... in the right dorsolateral prefrontal and occipital cortex (an area of the brain that is important for visual processing). There was also greater activity in the right parietal cortex (an area of the brain that is important for integrating sensory information) among individuals who used cannabis heav ...
... in the right dorsolateral prefrontal and occipital cortex (an area of the brain that is important for visual processing). There was also greater activity in the right parietal cortex (an area of the brain that is important for integrating sensory information) among individuals who used cannabis heav ...
Nap, a Novel Member of the Pentraxin Family, Promotes Neurite
... as a function of the activity of specific neuronal circuits. This capacity is believed to underlie learning and memory as well as aspects of postnatal development of the brain (Shatz, 1990). Cellular mechanisms underlying activity-dependent plasticity are known to be initiated by rapid, transmitter- ...
... as a function of the activity of specific neuronal circuits. This capacity is believed to underlie learning and memory as well as aspects of postnatal development of the brain (Shatz, 1990). Cellular mechanisms underlying activity-dependent plasticity are known to be initiated by rapid, transmitter- ...
Empathic choice involves vmPFC value signals that are modulated
... We estimated several models of the BOLD responses to test the various hypotheses. GLM 1 This general linear model was designed to identify the similarities and differences between empathic and self-oriented choices. It was estimated in three different steps. First, we estimated a GLM with AR(1) for ...
... We estimated several models of the BOLD responses to test the various hypotheses. GLM 1 This general linear model was designed to identify the similarities and differences between empathic and self-oriented choices. It was estimated in three different steps. First, we estimated a GLM with AR(1) for ...
Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and
... skipping (21, 25, 26) as well as a scaffold for nuclear bodies through interactions with survival motor neuron protein (27). TDP-43 is normally localized primarily to the nucleus, but our data indicate that, under pathological conditions in FTLD-U, TDP-43 is eliminated from nuclei of UBI-bearing neu ...
... skipping (21, 25, 26) as well as a scaffold for nuclear bodies through interactions with survival motor neuron protein (27). TDP-43 is normally localized primarily to the nucleus, but our data indicate that, under pathological conditions in FTLD-U, TDP-43 is eliminated from nuclei of UBI-bearing neu ...