29 Pathways of Sugar Metabolism: Pentose
... seminal fluid. Spermatozoa use fructose as a major fuel source while in the seminal fluid and then switch to glucose once in the female reproductive tract. Utilization of fructose is thought to prevent acrosomal breakdown of the plasma membrane (and consequent activation) while the spermatozoa are s ...
... seminal fluid. Spermatozoa use fructose as a major fuel source while in the seminal fluid and then switch to glucose once in the female reproductive tract. Utilization of fructose is thought to prevent acrosomal breakdown of the plasma membrane (and consequent activation) while the spermatozoa are s ...
Comparative genomics of unintrogressed Campylobacter coli clades 2 and 3
... pair-end and 8 kb mate-pair libraries was assembled into a scaffold representing a circular chromosome using MIRA 3.2. [26], SSAKE [27], and the Staden software package [28]. Verification of the scaffold was performed using PCR and Sanger sequencing. The shot-gun sequences of 63 other C. coli strain ...
... pair-end and 8 kb mate-pair libraries was assembled into a scaffold representing a circular chromosome using MIRA 3.2. [26], SSAKE [27], and the Staden software package [28]. Verification of the scaffold was performed using PCR and Sanger sequencing. The shot-gun sequences of 63 other C. coli strain ...
Improvement of Aspergillus nidulans penicillin production by
... 1999). Many bacterial infections, which in previous times often caused the death of patients and even resulted in several worldwide epidemics, suddenly could be cured. However, from the first description of the inhibition of bacteria through Penicillium notatum cultures to the first human trials or ev ...
... 1999). Many bacterial infections, which in previous times often caused the death of patients and even resulted in several worldwide epidemics, suddenly could be cured. However, from the first description of the inhibition of bacteria through Penicillium notatum cultures to the first human trials or ev ...
UNIT I - cloudfront.net
... 1. Describe techniques used to study cell structure and function. 2. Distinguish between magnification and resolving power. 3. Describe the principles, advantages and limitations of the light microscope, transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. 4. Describe the major steps o ...
... 1. Describe techniques used to study cell structure and function. 2. Distinguish between magnification and resolving power. 3. Describe the principles, advantages and limitations of the light microscope, transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. 4. Describe the major steps o ...
In situ hybridization
... probes increasing the sensitivity of signal detection into the region of 10-20 copies of mRNA or DNA per cell. 7. Better reproducibility. In situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes is highly reproducible in every tissue and with every probe. It is possible to make a series of probes that have ...
... probes increasing the sensitivity of signal detection into the region of 10-20 copies of mRNA or DNA per cell. 7. Better reproducibility. In situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes is highly reproducible in every tissue and with every probe. It is possible to make a series of probes that have ...
RNA 3`-terminal phosphate cyclases and cyclase
... the 5’-phosphorylated RNA or DNAs as substrate is rather surprising. The crystal structures of RtcA complexes with 5’p RNA and DNA will be of great interest. The aforementioned A5’pp5’N-terminated RtcA products resemble intermediates formed in many RNA or DNA ligation reactions (reviewed in [2,40]). ...
... the 5’-phosphorylated RNA or DNAs as substrate is rather surprising. The crystal structures of RtcA complexes with 5’p RNA and DNA will be of great interest. The aforementioned A5’pp5’N-terminated RtcA products resemble intermediates formed in many RNA or DNA ligation reactions (reviewed in [2,40]). ...
ABA overlysensitive5 (ABO5), encoding a pentatricopeptide repeat
... genes. Plant mitochondria have specific alternative respiratory pathways, including the non-proton-pumping NAD(P)H dehydrogenases, which bypass complex I for diminishing ROS production, and an alternative oxidase (AOX), which directly accepts electrons from the ubiquinone pool for reducing ROS produ ...
... genes. Plant mitochondria have specific alternative respiratory pathways, including the non-proton-pumping NAD(P)H dehydrogenases, which bypass complex I for diminishing ROS production, and an alternative oxidase (AOX), which directly accepts electrons from the ubiquinone pool for reducing ROS produ ...
Short-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Synthesis in
... 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-carbon position with various side groups have been found to be incorporated into PHAs [55]. Since PHAs exhibit biodegradable/biocompatible plastic and elastomeric properties, depending on the monomer constituents, their commercial applications have been extensively studied. Accordin ...
... 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-carbon position with various side groups have been found to be incorporated into PHAs [55]. Since PHAs exhibit biodegradable/biocompatible plastic and elastomeric properties, depending on the monomer constituents, their commercial applications have been extensively studied. Accordin ...
Mechanisms of animal diapause: recent
... through the dauer stage (97). Both of these dauer-suppressible phenotypes suggest that as the animal transits through dauer, the various pathways that are active during this state affect gene activity in an unprecedented manner; by altering the global genomic readout of the animal. In specific conte ...
... through the dauer stage (97). Both of these dauer-suppressible phenotypes suggest that as the animal transits through dauer, the various pathways that are active during this state affect gene activity in an unprecedented manner; by altering the global genomic readout of the animal. In specific conte ...
Metabolism and function of bile acids
... monooxygenases recognize specific molecules, or a group of related compounds, and work in concert with NADPH : cytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase which supplies electrons for the reactions. Cyp7a shows a high degree of selectively towards cholesterol. Bile acid output from the liver is correlated with ...
... monooxygenases recognize specific molecules, or a group of related compounds, and work in concert with NADPH : cytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase which supplies electrons for the reactions. Cyp7a shows a high degree of selectively towards cholesterol. Bile acid output from the liver is correlated with ...
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... sensitivity of the iron oxidiser to organic compounds released from the agar plates due to acid hydrolysis [25]. Although the development of overlay plates allowed the successful cultivation of many acidophilic bacteria [25, 26], the isolation and culture of novel strains of the genus “Ferrovum” has ...
... sensitivity of the iron oxidiser to organic compounds released from the agar plates due to acid hydrolysis [25]. Although the development of overlay plates allowed the successful cultivation of many acidophilic bacteria [25, 26], the isolation and culture of novel strains of the genus “Ferrovum” has ...
03-1 Metabolism of carbohydrate
... Both activities are on the same protein. It’s a bifunctional enzyme. ...
... Both activities are on the same protein. It’s a bifunctional enzyme. ...
Recycling of vitamin B12 and NAD+ within the Pdu
... necessary to regenerate or/and replenish AdoCbl and NAD+ within the Pdu MCPs. Recent crystallography studies suggested that some Pdu MCP shell proteins, such as PduA, T and U, have pores that may mediate the transport of enzyme substrates/cofactors across the MCP shell. However, it’s possible that t ...
... necessary to regenerate or/and replenish AdoCbl and NAD+ within the Pdu MCPs. Recent crystallography studies suggested that some Pdu MCP shell proteins, such as PduA, T and U, have pores that may mediate the transport of enzyme substrates/cofactors across the MCP shell. However, it’s possible that t ...
- BioMedSearch
... CO2 assimilation rates were detected. E. coli PEPS was introduced into potato (a C3 plant) in attempts to introduce an operating C4 photosynthetic pathway under the belief that the bacterial enzyme was not regulated [14]. The regulation of E. coli PEPS by AMP, ADP, oxaloacetate, a-ketoglutarate, mal ...
... CO2 assimilation rates were detected. E. coli PEPS was introduced into potato (a C3 plant) in attempts to introduce an operating C4 photosynthetic pathway under the belief that the bacterial enzyme was not regulated [14]. The regulation of E. coli PEPS by AMP, ADP, oxaloacetate, a-ketoglutarate, mal ...
Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2 Transcription Factors in Heart
... are consistent with the large number of co-factors that interact with MEF2 through the N-terminal domains, as well as the observation that the phosphorylation of a serine at the junction of the MADS and MEF2 domains is an important post-translational mechanism for MEF2 regulation (Molkentin et al., ...
... are consistent with the large number of co-factors that interact with MEF2 through the N-terminal domains, as well as the observation that the phosphorylation of a serine at the junction of the MADS and MEF2 domains is an important post-translational mechanism for MEF2 regulation (Molkentin et al., ...
Functional characterisation of the TUP5 gene in - diss.fu
... arginine content was reduced in tup5-1 compared to the wild type and root growth was restored in the mutant by exogenous supplementation of arginine. As an additional functional proof, a yeast mutant lacking ACOAT which was auxotrophic for arginine could restore its arginine autotrophy after transfo ...
... arginine content was reduced in tup5-1 compared to the wild type and root growth was restored in the mutant by exogenous supplementation of arginine. As an additional functional proof, a yeast mutant lacking ACOAT which was auxotrophic for arginine could restore its arginine autotrophy after transfo ...
Structure, mechanism and regulation of pyruvate carboxylase
... transcriptional studies reveal some key cognate transcription factors regulating tissue-specific expression. The present review summarizes these advances and also offers some prospects in terms of future directions for the study of this important enzyme. ...
... transcriptional studies reveal some key cognate transcription factors regulating tissue-specific expression. The present review summarizes these advances and also offers some prospects in terms of future directions for the study of this important enzyme. ...
Biological ontologies for human functional annotation and
... The GENIA Ontology “The GENIA ontology is intended to be a formal model of cell signaling reactions in human. It is to be used as a basis of thesauri and semantic dictionaries for natural language processing applications […] Another use of the GENIA ontology is to provide a basis for integrated vie ...
... The GENIA Ontology “The GENIA ontology is intended to be a formal model of cell signaling reactions in human. It is to be used as a basis of thesauri and semantic dictionaries for natural language processing applications […] Another use of the GENIA ontology is to provide a basis for integrated vie ...
Effects of Molecular Crowding on Binding Affinity of Dihydrofolate to
... pressure, for instance. Because DHFR is located in the cytosol of a cell, there are many other proteins in the cell that may have an effect on the production of THF and cell growth. Using proteins of various weights and charges, we hypothesize that the efficiency of the reaction catalyzed by DHFR wi ...
... pressure, for instance. Because DHFR is located in the cytosol of a cell, there are many other proteins in the cell that may have an effect on the production of THF and cell growth. Using proteins of various weights and charges, we hypothesize that the efficiency of the reaction catalyzed by DHFR wi ...
De novo production of resveratrol from glucose or
... listed in Table 2 along with the template DNA and primers that were used for PCR amplification. 2.3. Plasmid and strain construction The primers used in the study are summarized in Table 3 and the plasmids in Table 4. All the biobricks were assembled into integrative EasyClone vectors using USER clon ...
... listed in Table 2 along with the template DNA and primers that were used for PCR amplification. 2.3. Plasmid and strain construction The primers used in the study are summarized in Table 3 and the plasmids in Table 4. All the biobricks were assembled into integrative EasyClone vectors using USER clon ...
Biosynthetic Potentials of Metabolites and Their
... specialized enzymes catalyzing chemical transformations of substrates into products. Since the products of a particular reaction may serve as substrates for other reactions, the entirety of the biochemical reactions forms a complex and highly connected metabolic network. With the sequencing of whole ...
... specialized enzymes catalyzing chemical transformations of substrates into products. Since the products of a particular reaction may serve as substrates for other reactions, the entirety of the biochemical reactions forms a complex and highly connected metabolic network. With the sequencing of whole ...
Glucosamine-Induced Insulin Resistance in Primary Rat
... of the insulin signaling pathway that includes PI3-Kinase and Akt-1 (protein kinase B). Phosphorylation of GSK-3 reduces its kinase activity, thereby resulting in reduced phosphorylation of glycogen synthase and an increase in its enzymatic activity (Frame, Cohen etal. 2001). In glycolysis, one mole ...
... of the insulin signaling pathway that includes PI3-Kinase and Akt-1 (protein kinase B). Phosphorylation of GSK-3 reduces its kinase activity, thereby resulting in reduced phosphorylation of glycogen synthase and an increase in its enzymatic activity (Frame, Cohen etal. 2001). In glycolysis, one mole ...
Engineering of polyketide biosynthetic pathways for bioactive
... yielded a novel chlorinated molecule 2-chloro-resveratrol. This demonstrated that biosynthetic enzymes from different sources can be recombined like legos to make various plant natural products, which is more efficient (2-3 days) than traditional extraction from plants (months to years). Phenylalani ...
... yielded a novel chlorinated molecule 2-chloro-resveratrol. This demonstrated that biosynthetic enzymes from different sources can be recombined like legos to make various plant natural products, which is more efficient (2-3 days) than traditional extraction from plants (months to years). Phenylalani ...
Prokaryotic proteins of antioxidant defense in Trichomonas vaginalis
... In 1954, the publication by Gerschman referred to deleterious properties of oxygen in consequence to its partial reduction to free radicals (75). Subsequently, in 1969 the discovery of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) by McCord and Fridovich (142) and in 1977 the work of Mittal and Murrad (148) ...
... In 1954, the publication by Gerschman referred to deleterious properties of oxygen in consequence to its partial reduction to free radicals (75). Subsequently, in 1969 the discovery of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) by McCord and Fridovich (142) and in 1977 the work of Mittal and Murrad (148) ...
Pseudouridine at position 55 in tRNA controls the contents of other
... hypothetically proposed by others. To confirm this idea, we replaced the truB gene in the genome with mutant genes, which express TruB proteins with very weak or no enzymatic activity. However the growth retardation at 50 C was not rescued by these mutant proteins. Nucleoside analysis revealed that ...
... hypothetically proposed by others. To confirm this idea, we replaced the truB gene in the genome with mutant genes, which express TruB proteins with very weak or no enzymatic activity. However the growth retardation at 50 C was not rescued by these mutant proteins. Nucleoside analysis revealed that ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.