Pyruvate : NADP+ Oxidoreductase from the Mitochondrion of
... the earliest eukaryotic cells (Martin and Müller 1998). In principle, three alternative explanations could currently account for the distribution of PFO among eukaryotes and its evident correlation with the amitochondriate phenotype. The first possible explanation is that the host of mitochondrial ...
... the earliest eukaryotic cells (Martin and Müller 1998). In principle, three alternative explanations could currently account for the distribution of PFO among eukaryotes and its evident correlation with the amitochondriate phenotype. The first possible explanation is that the host of mitochondrial ...
Pyruvate : NADP+ Oxidoreductase from the Mitochondrion of
... a protein of 1,803 aa. The N-terminal 1,239 aa had extensive similarity with PFO. The C-terminal 564 aa had extensive similarity with NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases (CPR). Since pEgPNO12 and pEgPNO3 are independent cDNAs for the same mRNA, the PFO-CPR fusion was not a cloning artifact. Furthermore ...
... a protein of 1,803 aa. The N-terminal 1,239 aa had extensive similarity with PFO. The C-terminal 564 aa had extensive similarity with NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases (CPR). Since pEgPNO12 and pEgPNO3 are independent cDNAs for the same mRNA, the PFO-CPR fusion was not a cloning artifact. Furthermore ...
Engineering the pentose phosphate pathway of
... The baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a long tradition in alcohol production from D-glucose of e.g. starch. However, without genetic modifications it is unable to utilise the 5-carbon sugars D-xylose and L-arabinose present in plant biomass. In this study, one key metabolic step of the cata ...
... The baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a long tradition in alcohol production from D-glucose of e.g. starch. However, without genetic modifications it is unable to utilise the 5-carbon sugars D-xylose and L-arabinose present in plant biomass. In this study, one key metabolic step of the cata ...
Review: can diet influence the selective advantage of mitochondrial
... mitohormesis [7]. Although varied, this response appears to induce a wide-ranging cytoprotective state resulting in long lasting metabolic and biochemical changes. Remarkably, rather than being harmful, these changes may increase evolutionary potential and decrease susceptibility for disease. Althou ...
... mitohormesis [7]. Although varied, this response appears to induce a wide-ranging cytoprotective state resulting in long lasting metabolic and biochemical changes. Remarkably, rather than being harmful, these changes may increase evolutionary potential and decrease susceptibility for disease. Althou ...
Gibberellins: Regulators of Plant Height
... than 20 years after its structural elucidation as indole-3-acetic acid, Western plant scientists tried to ascribe the regulation of all developmental phenomena in plants to auxin. However, as we will see in this and subsequent chapters, plant growth and development are regulated by several different ...
... than 20 years after its structural elucidation as indole-3-acetic acid, Western plant scientists tried to ascribe the regulation of all developmental phenomena in plants to auxin. However, as we will see in this and subsequent chapters, plant growth and development are regulated by several different ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a metabolic regulator of
... NAD can be readily utilised by Sir2p [15]. Consistent with this notion, components of the salvage pathway, such as Npt1p, are localised primarily to the nucleus, whereas components of the de novo pathway reside evenly throughout the cell and have no effect on silencing [14,15]. NAD also regulates ...
... NAD can be readily utilised by Sir2p [15]. Consistent with this notion, components of the salvage pathway, such as Npt1p, are localised primarily to the nucleus, whereas components of the de novo pathway reside evenly throughout the cell and have no effect on silencing [14,15]. NAD also regulates ...
and PITTARD
... by low concentrations of exogenous tyrosine and by high conceiitrations of phenylalanine or tryptophan. In these experiments the possibility of multivalent repression of DAHP synthetase could not be directly tested. The present paper reports similar repression properties for wild-type E. coli K12. I ...
... by low concentrations of exogenous tyrosine and by high conceiitrations of phenylalanine or tryptophan. In these experiments the possibility of multivalent repression of DAHP synthetase could not be directly tested. The present paper reports similar repression properties for wild-type E. coli K12. I ...
The Genera Staphylococcus and Macrococcus
... possibility of false-negative reactions due to PCR inhibitors that might be present in some foods. Several conventional procedures for isolating S. aureus from foods are described below. Nonselective Enrichment Procedures It is often necessary to use nonselective enrichment procedures for the detect ...
... possibility of false-negative reactions due to PCR inhibitors that might be present in some foods. Several conventional procedures for isolating S. aureus from foods are described below. Nonselective Enrichment Procedures It is often necessary to use nonselective enrichment procedures for the detect ...
brv12140 - Cambridge Repository
... Biological Reviews (2014) 000–000 © 2014 The Authors. Biological Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in an ...
... Biological Reviews (2014) 000–000 © 2014 The Authors. Biological Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in an ...
Cloning and sequencing of the kedarcidin biosynthetic
... MDP gene cluster supporting the proposed pathway for (R)-2-aza-3-chloro-btyrosine in KED biosynthesis (Fig. S6, ESI†), and comparative analysis of the KED, NCS, and MDP gene cluster supporting the proposed pathway for 3-hydroxy7,8-dimethoxy-6-isopropoxy-2-naphthoic acid in KED biosynthesis. See DOI: ...
... MDP gene cluster supporting the proposed pathway for (R)-2-aza-3-chloro-btyrosine in KED biosynthesis (Fig. S6, ESI†), and comparative analysis of the KED, NCS, and MDP gene cluster supporting the proposed pathway for 3-hydroxy7,8-dimethoxy-6-isopropoxy-2-naphthoic acid in KED biosynthesis. See DOI: ...
5 Molecular basis of type-2 diabetes
... insulin tends to lead a slight increase of blood glucose concentration, which stimulates insulin secretion and causes hyperinsulinemia. Initially hyperinsulinemia is able to overcome insulin resistance. The diabetic state develops when insulin secretion cannot longer be sustained to compensate insul ...
... insulin tends to lead a slight increase of blood glucose concentration, which stimulates insulin secretion and causes hyperinsulinemia. Initially hyperinsulinemia is able to overcome insulin resistance. The diabetic state develops when insulin secretion cannot longer be sustained to compensate insul ...
Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine
... glycosylation in that it is restricted to the cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria and it is not extended into complex elongated structures; it also exhibits parallels with protein phosphorylation, in that it responds to acute stimuli, alters protein function and enzyme activity and modifies the same ...
... glycosylation in that it is restricted to the cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria and it is not extended into complex elongated structures; it also exhibits parallels with protein phosphorylation, in that it responds to acute stimuli, alters protein function and enzyme activity and modifies the same ...
Pseudomon-1 motif
... indeed find many gene-independent motifs, but we additionally found many geneassociated motifs, e.g., the msiK motif. It may seem surprising that gene-associated motifs like msiK were not detected by the previous pipeline, given that the previous pipeline was designed to find such motifs. The follow ...
... indeed find many gene-independent motifs, but we additionally found many geneassociated motifs, e.g., the msiK motif. It may seem surprising that gene-associated motifs like msiK were not detected by the previous pipeline, given that the previous pipeline was designed to find such motifs. The follow ...
Comparison of conserved structural and regulatory domains within
... The cyanobacterial ITS regions investigated to date vary in size from 354 to 545 nucleotides (287 in the cyanelle) and, for those that have been sequenced, only a single ITS species was found in each strain. This is surprising, ...
... The cyanobacterial ITS regions investigated to date vary in size from 354 to 545 nucleotides (287 in the cyanelle) and, for those that have been sequenced, only a single ITS species was found in each strain. This is surprising, ...
A E M , Feb. 2004, p. 999–1007
... the composition of PHA copolymers may be controlled by the monomer-supplying enzyme and further reinforce the idea that fatty acid biosynthesis may be used to supply monomers for PHA production. This lack of flexibility limits its range of applications. Polymers consisting of only MCL PHA are semicr ...
... the composition of PHA copolymers may be controlled by the monomer-supplying enzyme and further reinforce the idea that fatty acid biosynthesis may be used to supply monomers for PHA production. This lack of flexibility limits its range of applications. Polymers consisting of only MCL PHA are semicr ...
THE INFLUENCE OF NUTRITIONAL PHOSPHATE DEPRIVATION ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA
... extracellular proteins secreted by the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Initial studies compared the secretome of Pi-sufficient (+Pi) versus Pi-deficient (-Pi) Arabidopsis cell cultures by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Mass spectrometry identified 18 different secreted proteins that were upreg ...
... extracellular proteins secreted by the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Initial studies compared the secretome of Pi-sufficient (+Pi) versus Pi-deficient (-Pi) Arabidopsis cell cultures by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Mass spectrometry identified 18 different secreted proteins that were upreg ...
The cuticle
... To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] ...
... To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] ...
as a PDF
... Interestingly, during growth on oxygen plus heme, the respiratory chain expulses protons, allowing growth rescue of an ATPase mutant (4). Respiration may thus protect cells against a decrease in intracellular pH during growth. The clear distinctions between L. lactis and respiratory bacteria like E. ...
... Interestingly, during growth on oxygen plus heme, the respiratory chain expulses protons, allowing growth rescue of an ATPase mutant (4). Respiration may thus protect cells against a decrease in intracellular pH during growth. The clear distinctions between L. lactis and respiratory bacteria like E. ...
eg1
... Saccharomyces cerevisiae -factor as signal peptide. The recombinant EG1 was secreted into the medium at high levels (up to 100mg/litre), and was shown by SDS-PAGE to be the major protein in the culture supernatant. The recombinant enzyme had a slightly higher molecular mass (45kDa) than the native ...
... Saccharomyces cerevisiae -factor as signal peptide. The recombinant EG1 was secreted into the medium at high levels (up to 100mg/litre), and was shown by SDS-PAGE to be the major protein in the culture supernatant. The recombinant enzyme had a slightly higher molecular mass (45kDa) than the native ...
Global transcriptional control by glucose and
... strictly positive values and reducing variability in the log ratios for genes with low levels of hybridization signal. Then, we normalized each slide with the ‘loess’ method (39). To test for differential expression, we used the Bayesian adjusted t-statistics, and we performed a multiple testing cor ...
... strictly positive values and reducing variability in the log ratios for genes with low levels of hybridization signal. Then, we normalized each slide with the ‘loess’ method (39). To test for differential expression, we used the Bayesian adjusted t-statistics, and we performed a multiple testing cor ...
Genetic Engineering of Field, Industrial and Pharmaceutical Crops
... netic makeup by manipulating the genome—either by introduction, deletion, substitution, or silencing of an individual gene or group of genes of interest. The functionality of transgenes has expanded with time. In the beginning, only traits that exhibited complete dominance, free of the interaction f ...
... netic makeup by manipulating the genome—either by introduction, deletion, substitution, or silencing of an individual gene or group of genes of interest. The functionality of transgenes has expanded with time. In the beginning, only traits that exhibited complete dominance, free of the interaction f ...
Environmental Microbiology
... plants (Barbieri et al., 1986). However, it has not been possible so far to construct completely IAA-negative mutants. A strain with a knockout mutation in one of the key genes in IAA synthesis still produced detectable amounts of IAA (Hartmann and Zimmer, 1994). This led to the conclusion that ther ...
... plants (Barbieri et al., 1986). However, it has not been possible so far to construct completely IAA-negative mutants. A strain with a knockout mutation in one of the key genes in IAA synthesis still produced detectable amounts of IAA (Hartmann and Zimmer, 1994). This led to the conclusion that ther ...
Nonenzymatic glycolysis and pentose phosphate
... that the origin of life could have been facilitated by the geochemical formation of cellular constituents in the reducing environment of the early earth (Oparin, 1938; Miller et al, 1997). Experimental support for this hypothesis was provided by the Miller–Urey experiment that demonstrated the non-b ...
... that the origin of life could have been facilitated by the geochemical formation of cellular constituents in the reducing environment of the early earth (Oparin, 1938; Miller et al, 1997). Experimental support for this hypothesis was provided by the Miller–Urey experiment that demonstrated the non-b ...
Molecular analysis and biological implications of STAT3 signal
... occur with similar kinetics as the upregulation of SOCS proteins. SOCS proteins downregulate STAT signal transduction by association with Jaks or the activated receptor complex, thereby preventing STAT tyrosine phosphorylation. SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 mRNA was first detected upon 30 min of IL-6 stimulatio ...
... occur with similar kinetics as the upregulation of SOCS proteins. SOCS proteins downregulate STAT signal transduction by association with Jaks or the activated receptor complex, thereby preventing STAT tyrosine phosphorylation. SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 mRNA was first detected upon 30 min of IL-6 stimulatio ...
The PRT protein family Sangita C Sinha* and Janet L Smith
... coordination sphere. Nucleotide feedback inhibitor complexes of glutamine PRPP amidotransferase (GPATase) bind Mg2+ in the alternative position [9,10] (Figure 3a). Mg2+ occupies a similar position in the ternary complex of a guanine PRTase with a nucleotide product analog and PPi [24], and in a xant ...
... coordination sphere. Nucleotide feedback inhibitor complexes of glutamine PRPP amidotransferase (GPATase) bind Mg2+ in the alternative position [9,10] (Figure 3a). Mg2+ occupies a similar position in the ternary complex of a guanine PRTase with a nucleotide product analog and PPi [24], and in a xant ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.