Assigned Reading
... in a position to modulate or mediate a wide variety of events in cell–cell, cell–matrix, and cell–molecule interactions critical to the development and function of a complex multicellular organism. They can also act as mediators in the interactions between different organisms (e.g., between host and ...
... in a position to modulate or mediate a wide variety of events in cell–cell, cell–matrix, and cell–molecule interactions critical to the development and function of a complex multicellular organism. They can also act as mediators in the interactions between different organisms (e.g., between host and ...
Regulators of Ubiquitin Dependent Protein Degradation in the
... split into two independent open reading frames encoding the N- and C-terminal part (candA-N, candA-C) of the mammalian homolog. Deletion of the single or both candA genes leads to mutants with identical phenotypes. They produce only few asexual spores, are blocked in early sexual development and app ...
... split into two independent open reading frames encoding the N- and C-terminal part (candA-N, candA-C) of the mammalian homolog. Deletion of the single or both candA genes leads to mutants with identical phenotypes. They produce only few asexual spores, are blocked in early sexual development and app ...
1-3 flagellum - Instituto de Higiene
... transporter isoform in L. enriettii are all present in the flagellar membrane, while they occur at low or undetectable levels on the pellicular plasma membrane. In addition, earlier biochemical studies [9] detected specific proteins on SDS-polyacrylamide gels using a membrane fraction from purified ...
... transporter isoform in L. enriettii are all present in the flagellar membrane, while they occur at low or undetectable levels on the pellicular plasma membrane. In addition, earlier biochemical studies [9] detected specific proteins on SDS-polyacrylamide gels using a membrane fraction from purified ...
Potassium starvation responses in yeast highlight novel potassium-related functions
... that chromosomes are properly aligned on the mitotic spindle. In addition to the mentioned checkpoints, the morphogenetic checkpoint monitors the organization of actin and septins and arrests cells in G2 if a bud fails to form (Tyson et al. 2002). Progression through the cell cycle is a highly regul ...
... that chromosomes are properly aligned on the mitotic spindle. In addition to the mentioned checkpoints, the morphogenetic checkpoint monitors the organization of actin and septins and arrests cells in G2 if a bud fails to form (Tyson et al. 2002). Progression through the cell cycle is a highly regul ...
Analysis of the bipartite networks of domain compositions and
... the substrates and enzymes of reactions and the metabolic pathways they belong to. Components of the same enzyme complex are treated as co-occurring proteins in the same reaction, while distinct proteins catalyzing the same reaction are treated as alternative enzymes. 1661 E. coli reactions and 1313 ...
... the substrates and enzymes of reactions and the metabolic pathways they belong to. Components of the same enzyme complex are treated as co-occurring proteins in the same reaction, while distinct proteins catalyzing the same reaction are treated as alternative enzymes. 1661 E. coli reactions and 1313 ...
Metabolic flux analysis in plants: coping with - Shachar
... ‘flux space’. The branching of networks creates more unknown fluxes than stoichiometric relationships, resulting in an under-determined system; the degree of underdetermination is especially high in primary metabolism.The use of linear programming with an objective function is necessary to limit thi ...
... ‘flux space’. The branching of networks creates more unknown fluxes than stoichiometric relationships, resulting in an under-determined system; the degree of underdetermination is especially high in primary metabolism.The use of linear programming with an objective function is necessary to limit thi ...
File
... molecular level. The application of new experimental techniques for the isolation and manipulation of specific fragments of DNA has greatly increased our understanding of the processes responsible for the replication and expression of genetic information. Furthermore, the ability to isolate a specif ...
... molecular level. The application of new experimental techniques for the isolation and manipulation of specific fragments of DNA has greatly increased our understanding of the processes responsible for the replication and expression of genetic information. Furthermore, the ability to isolate a specif ...
New therapeutic approaches for Human African trypanosomiasis
... B.3. Heavy chain’s variable domain (VHH) of H-chain antibodies library construction. ........................................................................ 49 B.3.1. RNA extraction and retrotranscription. ............................... 49 B.3.2. Amplification of VHH sequences (Nbs repertoire). .. ...
... B.3. Heavy chain’s variable domain (VHH) of H-chain antibodies library construction. ........................................................................ 49 B.3.1. RNA extraction and retrotranscription. ............................... 49 B.3.2. Amplification of VHH sequences (Nbs repertoire). .. ...
Global MicroRNA Amplification Kit
... There are estimated to be hundreds of distinct miRNAs in mammalian cells, not including the many other small noncoding RNAs. Because it is clear that a specific miRNA can influence the gene expression level of multiple genes, it is important to define the cell and tissue specificity, as well as the ...
... There are estimated to be hundreds of distinct miRNAs in mammalian cells, not including the many other small noncoding RNAs. Because it is clear that a specific miRNA can influence the gene expression level of multiple genes, it is important to define the cell and tissue specificity, as well as the ...
developing a guiding system
... Process of Homology search 1. Find out Amino Acid sequence of BCL2. - Goto EMBL-EBI/SwissProt and search the sequence of BCL2. - Select BCL2/Human Gene from the result. - Copy the Sequence to clipboard ...
... Process of Homology search 1. Find out Amino Acid sequence of BCL2. - Goto EMBL-EBI/SwissProt and search the sequence of BCL2. - Select BCL2/Human Gene from the result. - Copy the Sequence to clipboard ...
Characters of Chymosin Gene Isolated from Different Animal A. G. Attallah
... for camel, pig, buffalo and cow respectively and it was corresponding with the sequence obtained from genomic analysis of pre-prochymosin gene [1 4 ]. Fig. (3) shows that PCR profiles of each primer we found that two main bands of approximately 1.2 kb and 0.25 kb for buffalo chymosin, 1.1 kb and 0.2 ...
... for camel, pig, buffalo and cow respectively and it was corresponding with the sequence obtained from genomic analysis of pre-prochymosin gene [1 4 ]. Fig. (3) shows that PCR profiles of each primer we found that two main bands of approximately 1.2 kb and 0.25 kb for buffalo chymosin, 1.1 kb and 0.2 ...
Is transcriptomic regulation of berry development more
... developmental patterns of gene expression were observed using independent hierarchical clustering of day and night data, whereas functional categories of allocated transcripts varied according to time of day. Many transcripts within pathways, known to be up-regulated during ripening, in particular t ...
... developmental patterns of gene expression were observed using independent hierarchical clustering of day and night data, whereas functional categories of allocated transcripts varied according to time of day. Many transcripts within pathways, known to be up-regulated during ripening, in particular t ...
Gene Section LRP5 (low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 5)
... reducing the number of targets for paracrine DKK1 to antagonize without affecting the activity of autocrine Wnt. Ai et al. expressed seven different HBM-LRP5 missense mutations, including G171V, to delineate the mechanism by which they alter Wnt signaling. Each mutant receptor was able to reach the ...
... reducing the number of targets for paracrine DKK1 to antagonize without affecting the activity of autocrine Wnt. Ai et al. expressed seven different HBM-LRP5 missense mutations, including G171V, to delineate the mechanism by which they alter Wnt signaling. Each mutant receptor was able to reach the ...
Role of the non-respiratory pathways in the utilization of molecular
... (AOX), located on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane and encoded by a member of the AOX gene family.179 The constitutive or inducible AOX bypasses the cytochrome chain by directly transferring electrons from ubiquinol to oxygen. The alternative respiration is also called ‘ubiquinol ...
... (AOX), located on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane and encoded by a member of the AOX gene family.179 The constitutive or inducible AOX bypasses the cytochrome chain by directly transferring electrons from ubiquinol to oxygen. The alternative respiration is also called ‘ubiquinol ...
Insulin hormone: Mechanism and effects on the body and
... 2 domains. IRS-1 in particular is phosphorylated on several tyrosine residues by the insulin receptor’s intracellular catalytic part and these phosphorylated tyrosine residues in turn employee other proteins with src homology 2 domains, one of which is phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Phosphatidylinos ...
... 2 domains. IRS-1 in particular is phosphorylated on several tyrosine residues by the insulin receptor’s intracellular catalytic part and these phosphorylated tyrosine residues in turn employee other proteins with src homology 2 domains, one of which is phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Phosphatidylinos ...
Calculation of Biochemical Net Reactions and Pathways by Using
... The calculation of a biochemical pathway is based on the stoichiometric number matrix for the biochemical reactions that can occur in the system. A stoichiometric number matrix has a column for each reaction and a row for each reactant. Reactants on the left have stoichiomctric numbers with negative ...
... The calculation of a biochemical pathway is based on the stoichiometric number matrix for the biochemical reactions that can occur in the system. A stoichiometric number matrix has a column for each reaction and a row for each reactant. Reactants on the left have stoichiomctric numbers with negative ...
Regulation of Starch Synthesis in Cassava Yona Baguma
... Results showed that the transcriptional activity of sbe increased with the developmental states of the storage root. Analysis of sbe diurnal transcript patterns identified the existence of an endogenous semidian oscillator (12 h) in the storage root cells but its nature and function remains unknown. ...
... Results showed that the transcriptional activity of sbe increased with the developmental states of the storage root. Analysis of sbe diurnal transcript patterns identified the existence of an endogenous semidian oscillator (12 h) in the storage root cells but its nature and function remains unknown. ...
Formation of Monoterpenes in Antirrhinum majus
... The precursor of all monoterpenes is the C10 acyclic intermediate geranyl diphosphate (GPP), which is formed from the C5 compounds isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate by GPP synthase (GPPS). We have discovered that Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon) and Clarkia breweri, two species who ...
... The precursor of all monoterpenes is the C10 acyclic intermediate geranyl diphosphate (GPP), which is formed from the C5 compounds isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate by GPP synthase (GPPS). We have discovered that Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon) and Clarkia breweri, two species who ...
Balancing between respiration and fermentation - UvA-DARE
... Inn addition to this, the two yeasts also differ in ADP/ATP translocation mechanism by the ADP/ATPP antiporter protein encoded by the AAC genes. In S. cerevisiae, three genes encoding thiss carrier have been identified, with different expression patterns depending on aerobic and anaerobicc condition ...
... Inn addition to this, the two yeasts also differ in ADP/ATP translocation mechanism by the ADP/ATPP antiporter protein encoded by the AAC genes. In S. cerevisiae, three genes encoding thiss carrier have been identified, with different expression patterns depending on aerobic and anaerobicc condition ...
Malonyl-CoA Signaling, Lipid Partitioning, and
... instead of glucose. For example, FFAs are elevated during fasting, but are not toxic to cells under this low glucose condition. However, when both glucose and FFA levels are high, then the problem arises, and together they may progressively alter the function of various cell types (Fig. 2) (6). Thus ...
... instead of glucose. For example, FFAs are elevated during fasting, but are not toxic to cells under this low glucose condition. However, when both glucose and FFA levels are high, then the problem arises, and together they may progressively alter the function of various cell types (Fig. 2) (6). Thus ...
Large-scale Analysis of Pseudogenes in the Human Genome
... Depending on the mechanism by which they were generated, majority of the mammalian pseudogenes can be divided into duplicated pseudogenes and retrotransposed pseudogenes (also called processed pseudogenes). Duplicated pseudogenes arose from tandem duplication or unequal crossing-over, thus they oft ...
... Depending on the mechanism by which they were generated, majority of the mammalian pseudogenes can be divided into duplicated pseudogenes and retrotransposed pseudogenes (also called processed pseudogenes). Duplicated pseudogenes arose from tandem duplication or unequal crossing-over, thus they oft ...
Sun J, Ke J, Johnson JL, Nikolau BJ, Wurtele ES
... cDNA was expressed in E. coli in a catalytically active form and its catalytic properties were characterized. The CAC2 mRNA was found to accumulate to highest levels in cells that are undergoing rapid growth and/or are in the process of oil deposition. We suggest that the activity of the heteromeric ...
... cDNA was expressed in E. coli in a catalytically active form and its catalytic properties were characterized. The CAC2 mRNA was found to accumulate to highest levels in cells that are undergoing rapid growth and/or are in the process of oil deposition. We suggest that the activity of the heteromeric ...
Towards the construction of Escherichia coli cell
... Cell-free protein systems are described as the in vitro expression of recombinant proteins without the use of living cells. This approach uses a cell lysate containing a wide array of biological and chemical components for transcription, translation, protein folding, and energy metabolism; all requi ...
... Cell-free protein systems are described as the in vitro expression of recombinant proteins without the use of living cells. This approach uses a cell lysate containing a wide array of biological and chemical components for transcription, translation, protein folding, and energy metabolism; all requi ...
Bioinformatics analysis of FRG1
... present throughout the genome (Grewal et al. 1999). Detailed analysis of FRG1 sequences from great apes such as chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan and an old world monkey Macaca mulatta has revealed the presence of similar pattern of pseudogenes. All the great apes and human FRG1 sequences contain the A ...
... present throughout the genome (Grewal et al. 1999). Detailed analysis of FRG1 sequences from great apes such as chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan and an old world monkey Macaca mulatta has revealed the presence of similar pattern of pseudogenes. All the great apes and human FRG1 sequences contain the A ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.