Supplementary Information (doc 82K)
... ribosomal subunits, 80S monosome and polysome peaks are indicated. (A, B bottom panels) Effect of temperature stress on sense (s) and antisense (as) LSU γ rRNA fragmentation. Total RNA extracted from unstressed and temperature-stressed L. infantum promastigotes was isolated from sucrose gradient fra ...
... ribosomal subunits, 80S monosome and polysome peaks are indicated. (A, B bottom panels) Effect of temperature stress on sense (s) and antisense (as) LSU γ rRNA fragmentation. Total RNA extracted from unstressed and temperature-stressed L. infantum promastigotes was isolated from sucrose gradient fra ...
The Role of Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein in
... the pathogenesis of not only obesity-related diseases, but also fructose malabsorption. We have analyzed the role of carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases [14]. ChREBP is a glucose-activated transcription factor that regulates glucose and li ...
... the pathogenesis of not only obesity-related diseases, but also fructose malabsorption. We have analyzed the role of carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases [14]. ChREBP is a glucose-activated transcription factor that regulates glucose and li ...
Translational selection is operative for synonymous codon usage in
... abundant tRNAs. Therefore, for E. coli it was proposed that the triplets that are recognized more efficiently by the most abundant isoacceptor are preferred, and the degree of bias in each gene should be proportional to the level of expression. Although the codon usage pattern of several prokaryotes ...
... abundant tRNAs. Therefore, for E. coli it was proposed that the triplets that are recognized more efficiently by the most abundant isoacceptor are preferred, and the degree of bias in each gene should be proportional to the level of expression. Although the codon usage pattern of several prokaryotes ...
Ana Maria da Silva Esteves Dissertation presented to obtain
... which is naturally competent, was used as parent strain and characterized with regard to the growth profile and patterns of solute accumulation. We verified that the profiles of solute accumulation by variant and type strains were similar. The ability of the variant strain to produce either MG or DI ...
... which is naturally competent, was used as parent strain and characterized with regard to the growth profile and patterns of solute accumulation. We verified that the profiles of solute accumulation by variant and type strains were similar. The ability of the variant strain to produce either MG or DI ...
UNIT 11. CATABOLISM OF GLUCOSE • Aerobic glycolysis: scheme
... Glycolysis is an oxidative specific pathway by which one mole of glucose is enzymatically split into two moles of pyruvate. It occurs in cytosol of all cells of the body. The principle function of glycolysis is the generation of ATP. Glycolysis also provides precursors for fatty acids biosynthesis, ...
... Glycolysis is an oxidative specific pathway by which one mole of glucose is enzymatically split into two moles of pyruvate. It occurs in cytosol of all cells of the body. The principle function of glycolysis is the generation of ATP. Glycolysis also provides precursors for fatty acids biosynthesis, ...
Cra-mediated regulation of Escherichia coli adenylate cyclase
... of many genes (Saier & Ramseier, 1996). cAMP is also essential for transcriptional regulation of many genes via its receptor protein CRP. When complexed with CAMP, CRP binds to specific sites upstream of promoters, causing transcriptional activation or repression (Kolb et al., 1993). A CRP binding s ...
... of many genes (Saier & Ramseier, 1996). cAMP is also essential for transcriptional regulation of many genes via its receptor protein CRP. When complexed with CAMP, CRP binds to specific sites upstream of promoters, causing transcriptional activation or repression (Kolb et al., 1993). A CRP binding s ...
phylogenetic analysis of the rompb genes of rickettsia felis and
... strains of R. prowazekii, insect-transmitted pathogens causing zoonoses in North America, because we considered that this gene, under the selective pressure of the immune response, offers the best opportunity to observe genetic divergence. We inferred the phylogenetic relationships among these ricke ...
... strains of R. prowazekii, insect-transmitted pathogens causing zoonoses in North America, because we considered that this gene, under the selective pressure of the immune response, offers the best opportunity to observe genetic divergence. We inferred the phylogenetic relationships among these ricke ...
Identification of a Cis-Acting Element of ART1, a
... 2009). Recently, Nrat1 (Nramp Al transporter 1), belonging to Nramp (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein) family, was reported to be required for Al tolerance in rice (Xia et al., 2010). Nrat1 is localized at the plasma membranes of all root cells and functions as a transporter for upta ...
... 2009). Recently, Nrat1 (Nramp Al transporter 1), belonging to Nramp (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein) family, was reported to be required for Al tolerance in rice (Xia et al., 2010). Nrat1 is localized at the plasma membranes of all root cells and functions as a transporter for upta ...
magamtol talalt cikkek
... The sequences of two Drosophila and one rabbit protein phosphatase (PP) 1 catalytic subunits were determined from their cDNA. The sequence of Drosophila PP1 alpha 1 was deduced from a 2.2-kb cDNA purified from an embryonic cDNA library, while that for Drosophila PP1 beta was obtained from overlappin ...
... The sequences of two Drosophila and one rabbit protein phosphatase (PP) 1 catalytic subunits were determined from their cDNA. The sequence of Drosophila PP1 alpha 1 was deduced from a 2.2-kb cDNA purified from an embryonic cDNA library, while that for Drosophila PP1 beta was obtained from overlappin ...
Gene Section MUC4 (mucin 4, cell surface associated) in Oncology and Haematology
... is modulation of HER-2/ERBB2 mediated signaling. MUC4, an interaction partner of the proto-oncogene HER2, induces its localization at the cell membrane and triggers the signaling pathways downstream to HER-2 activation. The consequences of such interactions and signaling activation lead to malignant ...
... is modulation of HER-2/ERBB2 mediated signaling. MUC4, an interaction partner of the proto-oncogene HER2, induces its localization at the cell membrane and triggers the signaling pathways downstream to HER-2 activation. The consequences of such interactions and signaling activation lead to malignant ...
pdf file - College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences
... 1991; Liu and Meyerowitz, 1995). Using GUS reporter genes fused to the cis-regulatory sequences of AG, the expression of the AG::GUS reporter genes was examined in lug and ap2 mutants. This analysis indicated that LUG and AP2 regulate AG expression at the level of transcription through the second in ...
... 1991; Liu and Meyerowitz, 1995). Using GUS reporter genes fused to the cis-regulatory sequences of AG, the expression of the AG::GUS reporter genes was examined in lug and ap2 mutants. This analysis indicated that LUG and AP2 regulate AG expression at the level of transcription through the second in ...
nitrogen fixation and its improvement through genetic engineering
... between water fern Azolla with a cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae. Anabaena colonizes cavities of Azolla fronds where the cyanobacteria fix sufficient amount of nitrogen in heterocysts, the specialized cells meant for nitrogen fixation (Wagner, 2012). The amount of nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria ...
... between water fern Azolla with a cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae. Anabaena colonizes cavities of Azolla fronds where the cyanobacteria fix sufficient amount of nitrogen in heterocysts, the specialized cells meant for nitrogen fixation (Wagner, 2012). The amount of nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria ...
From Sequence to Function
... Sequence and structural comparison can usually give only limited information, however, and comprehensively characterizing the function of an uncharacterized protein in a cell or organism will always require additional experimental investigations on the purified protein in vitro as well as cell biolo ...
... Sequence and structural comparison can usually give only limited information, however, and comprehensively characterizing the function of an uncharacterized protein in a cell or organism will always require additional experimental investigations on the purified protein in vitro as well as cell biolo ...
Systems biology of inborn errors of metabolism
... better diagnostic methods and efficient therapeutic regimen, but also, a high level understanding of the precise biochemical pathology involved. Constraint-based metabolic network reconstruction and modeling is the core systems biology methods to analyze the complex interactions between cellular com ...
... better diagnostic methods and efficient therapeutic regimen, but also, a high level understanding of the precise biochemical pathology involved. Constraint-based metabolic network reconstruction and modeling is the core systems biology methods to analyze the complex interactions between cellular com ...
Analysis of structural robustness of metabolic
... redundant than in H. influenzae. In these papers, the number of extreme pathways with the same overall stoichiometry (in terms of initial substrates and final products) is used as a measure of redundancy. A slightly different approach was suggested by Oancea [30] and Çakır et al. [31]. They assesse ...
... redundant than in H. influenzae. In these papers, the number of extreme pathways with the same overall stoichiometry (in terms of initial substrates and final products) is used as a measure of redundancy. A slightly different approach was suggested by Oancea [30] and Çakır et al. [31]. They assesse ...
BIOS QTL browser - BBMRI-NL
... Conclusion • Task of BIOS to develop a user-friendly and sustainable web application to browse QTL results. • First version online: http://genenetwork.nl/biosqtlbrowser . • Prototype of new browser has been developed that emphasizes layered structure in the data. • Which additional features will/sh ...
... Conclusion • Task of BIOS to develop a user-friendly and sustainable web application to browse QTL results. • First version online: http://genenetwork.nl/biosqtlbrowser . • Prototype of new browser has been developed that emphasizes layered structure in the data. • Which additional features will/sh ...
Modeling RNA Molecules
... In this regard, the parallels and contrasts between RNA and protein structure prediction and folding are apparent. Like proteins, RNA molecules are flexible linear polymers with astronomical conformational possibilities. Unlike proteins, RNA structures generally partition quite cleanly between secon ...
... In this regard, the parallels and contrasts between RNA and protein structure prediction and folding are apparent. Like proteins, RNA molecules are flexible linear polymers with astronomical conformational possibilities. Unlike proteins, RNA structures generally partition quite cleanly between secon ...
Glucose transporters (GLUT and SGLT)
... dietary glucose with fructose. The magnitude of this disorder, by the mutation of a single gene, would indicate that alternative lumenal glucose transport does not occur to any significant extent. The relevance of SGLT3 intestinal expression needs to be addressed and suggests that care should be tak ...
... dietary glucose with fructose. The magnitude of this disorder, by the mutation of a single gene, would indicate that alternative lumenal glucose transport does not occur to any significant extent. The relevance of SGLT3 intestinal expression needs to be addressed and suggests that care should be tak ...
REGULATION BY EXERCISE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTENT
... exposing them to Ca2+ ionophores, or to caffeine, which releases Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, induces increases in mitochondrial biogenesis (76-78) and GLUT4 (72), that are mediated by an increase in PGC-1α (77). L6 and C2C12 myotubes do not contract in response to increases in cytosolic Ca ...
... exposing them to Ca2+ ionophores, or to caffeine, which releases Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, induces increases in mitochondrial biogenesis (76-78) and GLUT4 (72), that are mediated by an increase in PGC-1α (77). L6 and C2C12 myotubes do not contract in response to increases in cytosolic Ca ...
Comparison of Sample Sequences of the Genome to the Sequence K-12
... less significant than 1e25, a level at which the significance of any alignments are unreliable. These entirely novel sequences of no known function which occur in S. typhi but not E. coli K-12 presumably include some genes encoding novel functions. Three-way comparisons. Pairwise comparisons of Blas ...
... less significant than 1e25, a level at which the significance of any alignments are unreliable. These entirely novel sequences of no known function which occur in S. typhi but not E. coli K-12 presumably include some genes encoding novel functions. Three-way comparisons. Pairwise comparisons of Blas ...
Glycolytic strategy as a tradeoff between energy yield and protein cost
... Although the ED and EMP pathways overlap heavily, several enzymes are unique to each. Specifically, 6-phosphofructokinase (pfk, EC 2.7.1.11) is unique to the EMP pathway, while 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase (edd, EC 4.2.1.12) and KDPG aldolase (eda, EC 4.1.2.14) are unique to the ED pathway (Fig. 1B ...
... Although the ED and EMP pathways overlap heavily, several enzymes are unique to each. Specifically, 6-phosphofructokinase (pfk, EC 2.7.1.11) is unique to the EMP pathway, while 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase (edd, EC 4.2.1.12) and KDPG aldolase (eda, EC 4.1.2.14) are unique to the ED pathway (Fig. 1B ...
Fragile X-associated disorders (FXd)
... genes determine eye and hair color, while others determine blood type. ...
... genes determine eye and hair color, while others determine blood type. ...
Engineering Acetyl Coenzyme A Supply: Functional Expression of a
... the mitochondrial matrix. However, in this yeast, acetyl-CoA generated in the mitochondrion cannot meet the requirement for cytosolic acetyl-CoA. Instead, a separate pathway known as the pyruvate dehydrogenase bypass, which involves pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, and acetyl-CoA ...
... the mitochondrial matrix. However, in this yeast, acetyl-CoA generated in the mitochondrion cannot meet the requirement for cytosolic acetyl-CoA. Instead, a separate pathway known as the pyruvate dehydrogenase bypass, which involves pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, and acetyl-CoA ...
PpASCL, a moss ortholog of antherspecific chalcone synthaselike
... Arabidopsis PKSA, PpASCL condenses hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA esters with malonyl-CoA and produces hydroxyalkyl a-pyrones that probably serve as building blocks of sporopollenin. The ASCL-specific set of Gly-Gly-Ala residues predicted by the models to be located at the floor of the putative active site ...
... Arabidopsis PKSA, PpASCL condenses hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA esters with malonyl-CoA and produces hydroxyalkyl a-pyrones that probably serve as building blocks of sporopollenin. The ASCL-specific set of Gly-Gly-Ala residues predicted by the models to be located at the floor of the putative active site ...
University of Groningen Interactions between carbohydrate
... General aspects of regulation of metabolic fluxes Eukaryotic cells derive energy from the oxidation of ”fuel molecules” to yield ATP. Oxidizable substrates include carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Cells are also capable of synthesizing these three types of substrates. The processes of oxidation a ...
... General aspects of regulation of metabolic fluxes Eukaryotic cells derive energy from the oxidation of ”fuel molecules” to yield ATP. Oxidizable substrates include carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Cells are also capable of synthesizing these three types of substrates. The processes of oxidation a ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.