Nitrate Reductases: Structure, Functions, and Effect of Stress Factors
... biologically useful form during nitrogen fixation and assimilation that provide for nitrogen incorporation into the carbon backbone of organic compounds. Processes of nitrification (oxidative conversion of ammonium to nitrate) and denitrification (successive nitrate reduction to nitrite, nitrogen ox ...
... biologically useful form during nitrogen fixation and assimilation that provide for nitrogen incorporation into the carbon backbone of organic compounds. Processes of nitrification (oxidative conversion of ammonium to nitrate) and denitrification (successive nitrate reduction to nitrite, nitrogen ox ...
Safety assessment - Food Standards Australia New Zealand
... FSANZ’s role is to protect the health and safety of people in Australia and New Zealand through the maintenance of a safe food supply. FSANZ is a partnership between ten Governments: the Commonwealth; Australian States and Territories; and New Zealand. It is a statutory authority under Commonwealth ...
... FSANZ’s role is to protect the health and safety of people in Australia and New Zealand through the maintenance of a safe food supply. FSANZ is a partnership between ten Governments: the Commonwealth; Australian States and Territories; and New Zealand. It is a statutory authority under Commonwealth ...
Deficiency in plastidic glutamine synthetase alters proline
... importance of this alternative pathway for proline synthesis is controversial. In some plants, the arginase ⁄ OAT route seems to have an important role in stress-induced proline production (Xue et al., 2009 and references therein). However, analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana OAT knockout mutants, whic ...
... importance of this alternative pathway for proline synthesis is controversial. In some plants, the arginase ⁄ OAT route seems to have an important role in stress-induced proline production (Xue et al., 2009 and references therein). However, analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana OAT knockout mutants, whic ...
The relevance of carbon dioxide metabolism in
... proteomic analysis, washed in NaCl solution to reach a final density of 1.2 (OD600), and inoculated (5 %, v/v) in reconstituted skimmed milk (Difco Laboratories) that had been pasteurized at 80 uC for 10 min. Acidification measurements were followed by using a standard pH meter for 24 h at 37 uC. Th ...
... proteomic analysis, washed in NaCl solution to reach a final density of 1.2 (OD600), and inoculated (5 %, v/v) in reconstituted skimmed milk (Difco Laboratories) that had been pasteurized at 80 uC for 10 min. Acidification measurements were followed by using a standard pH meter for 24 h at 37 uC. Th ...
attached paper highlights
... The PPAR family of transcription factors plays a major role in the expression of proteins involved in extra and intramitochondrial fatty acid transport and oxidation (FAO). All PPARs are expressed in the myocardium, although PPARa and b/d are the main cardiac isoforms. PPARa binds its obligate partn ...
... The PPAR family of transcription factors plays a major role in the expression of proteins involved in extra and intramitochondrial fatty acid transport and oxidation (FAO). All PPARs are expressed in the myocardium, although PPARa and b/d are the main cardiac isoforms. PPARa binds its obligate partn ...
Table S1 Genes with similar expression patterns in Qing2
... Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, hydrolyzes ADP-ribose 1'', 2''-cyclic phosphate to ADP-ribose 1''-phosphate; may have a role in tRNA splicing; no detectable phenotype is conferred by null mutation or by overexpression ...
... Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, hydrolyzes ADP-ribose 1'', 2''-cyclic phosphate to ADP-ribose 1''-phosphate; may have a role in tRNA splicing; no detectable phenotype is conferred by null mutation or by overexpression ...
Cell and Molecular Biology
... 1. What are two major differences between transcription in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 2. RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase enzymes catalyze the “same” reaction, but there are some distinct differences in what is required to make them begin catalysis and end catalysis. What are these differen ...
... 1. What are two major differences between transcription in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 2. RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase enzymes catalyze the “same” reaction, but there are some distinct differences in what is required to make them begin catalysis and end catalysis. What are these differen ...
SPECIFIC PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN CELLULAR
... Near the end of vitellogenesis, the nurse cells degenerate (King and Aggarwal, 1965) ; the follicle then consists of only two cell types, the oocyte (which can be destroyed easily) and the enveloping follicular cells . In sum, pure preparations of follicular epithelial cells (Fig . I c) can be obtai ...
... Near the end of vitellogenesis, the nurse cells degenerate (King and Aggarwal, 1965) ; the follicle then consists of only two cell types, the oocyte (which can be destroyed easily) and the enveloping follicular cells . In sum, pure preparations of follicular epithelial cells (Fig . I c) can be obtai ...
Risk Assessment and Risk Management Plan
... insecticidal cotton. The release is proposed to be undertaken on three sites in New South Wales, covering a total area of 3 hectares. 22. Written submissions were sought through the consultation processes undertaken under Sections 50 and 52 of the Act. These submissions have been taken into account ...
... insecticidal cotton. The release is proposed to be undertaken on three sites in New South Wales, covering a total area of 3 hectares. 22. Written submissions were sought through the consultation processes undertaken under Sections 50 and 52 of the Act. These submissions have been taken into account ...
Control of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis During the Transition Period
... mediated (as per adipose tissue, muscle and other tissues) or non-insulin dependent (as per mammary tissue, central nervous system (CNS), red blood cells (RBC) and the developing fetus). The concentration of glucose in blood is the combined result of these physiological events. Estimates of glucose ...
... mediated (as per adipose tissue, muscle and other tissues) or non-insulin dependent (as per mammary tissue, central nervous system (CNS), red blood cells (RBC) and the developing fetus). The concentration of glucose in blood is the combined result of these physiological events. Estimates of glucose ...
Exploring the Biosynthetic Potential of Cystobacter fuscus
... the portion of natural product derived small molecules (34%) tells a different story. Also taking into account the compounds that are synthetically derived but simulate a natural product or its pharmacophore (30%) this adds up to 64% of the total number of 1073 small molecule approved drugs (Figure ...
... the portion of natural product derived small molecules (34%) tells a different story. Also taking into account the compounds that are synthetically derived but simulate a natural product or its pharmacophore (30%) this adds up to 64% of the total number of 1073 small molecule approved drugs (Figure ...
The deleterious effect of missense mutations on pre
... Genetic diseases are characterized by the presence of mutations that inactivate single genes. The sequence analysis of the corresponding candidate disease genes allows confirmation of diagnosis or realization of genetic testing in family members. Whenever sequence variants are found during routine g ...
... Genetic diseases are characterized by the presence of mutations that inactivate single genes. The sequence analysis of the corresponding candidate disease genes allows confirmation of diagnosis or realization of genetic testing in family members. Whenever sequence variants are found during routine g ...
Lab: Colony PCR amplification of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene I
... 3. Seal the ends of the gel form to prepare it for pouring. In some cases, the gel forms are sealed by their gasketed ends in the gel bed; in others, they have an external device for sealing the ends of the form. It is unique for each gel setup, so if you are unsure ask for assistance. Once the gel ...
... 3. Seal the ends of the gel form to prepare it for pouring. In some cases, the gel forms are sealed by their gasketed ends in the gel bed; in others, they have an external device for sealing the ends of the form. It is unique for each gel setup, so if you are unsure ask for assistance. Once the gel ...
Metabolism of Plasma Membrane Lipids in
... annually. The Corynebacterineae also includes non-pathogenic species such as Mycobacterium smegmatis, a saprophytic species, and Corynebacterium glutamicum, an industrial workhorse for the production of amino acids and other useful compounds. These relatively fast-growing species serve as useful mod ...
... annually. The Corynebacterineae also includes non-pathogenic species such as Mycobacterium smegmatis, a saprophytic species, and Corynebacterium glutamicum, an industrial workhorse for the production of amino acids and other useful compounds. These relatively fast-growing species serve as useful mod ...
Mitochondrial ATP synthase is dispensable in blood
... on aerobic glycolysis for energy generation, a small proportion of them undergo conversion to gametocytes, which execute a programmed remodeling of their central carbon metabolism (5). Gametocytes form in preparation for possible transmission to the insect phase of the life cycle should they be take ...
... on aerobic glycolysis for energy generation, a small proportion of them undergo conversion to gametocytes, which execute a programmed remodeling of their central carbon metabolism (5). Gametocytes form in preparation for possible transmission to the insect phase of the life cycle should they be take ...
The Role of the Bundle Sheath in the Leaf Development of C3 plants
... lowered activity for the mutated protein. The purine-derived cytokinins, phytohormones promoting plant growth, are present at lower levels in the mutant. Cytokinin feeding and hormone reporter assays showed that likely lowered purine levels and not decreased cytokinin concentrations are primarily re ...
... lowered activity for the mutated protein. The purine-derived cytokinins, phytohormones promoting plant growth, are present at lower levels in the mutant. Cytokinin feeding and hormone reporter assays showed that likely lowered purine levels and not decreased cytokinin concentrations are primarily re ...
pdf
... polymerase. We will focus primarily on the general transcription initiation factors (GTIFs), which are proteins needed for accurate initiation of transcription. They are required for RNA polymerase to bind avidly and specifically to normal sites for transcription initiation, thereby generating speci ...
... polymerase. We will focus primarily on the general transcription initiation factors (GTIFs), which are proteins needed for accurate initiation of transcription. They are required for RNA polymerase to bind avidly and specifically to normal sites for transcription initiation, thereby generating speci ...
Mechanisms underlying the essential role of mitochondrial
... License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The functional state of mitochondria is vital to cellular and organismal aging in eukaryotes across phyla. Studies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have provided ...
... License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The functional state of mitochondria is vital to cellular and organismal aging in eukaryotes across phyla. Studies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have provided ...
Write on zinc fingers
... structural families. Unlike many other clearly defined super secondary structures such as Greek keys or β hairpins, there are a number of types of zinc fingers, each with a unique threedimensional architecture. A particular zinc finger protein's class is determined by this threedimensional structure ...
... structural families. Unlike many other clearly defined super secondary structures such as Greek keys or β hairpins, there are a number of types of zinc fingers, each with a unique threedimensional architecture. A particular zinc finger protein's class is determined by this threedimensional structure ...
Two Oxidosqualene Cyclases Responsible for
... reported to be multifunctional (Kushiro et al., 2000; Morita et al., 2000; Basyuni et al., 2006). For a few plant species, more than one OSC has been characterized, so that the suite of OSCs accounted for at least part of the triterpenoid profile in those species (Morita et al., 1997, 2000; Hayashi ...
... reported to be multifunctional (Kushiro et al., 2000; Morita et al., 2000; Basyuni et al., 2006). For a few plant species, more than one OSC has been characterized, so that the suite of OSCs accounted for at least part of the triterpenoid profile in those species (Morita et al., 1997, 2000; Hayashi ...
Molecular Characterisation of the 76 kDa Iron
... Genes encoding subunits of complex I (EC 1.6.5.3) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain vary in their locations between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in different organisms, whereas genes for a homologous multisubunit complex in chloroplasts have to date only been found on the plastid genom ...
... Genes encoding subunits of complex I (EC 1.6.5.3) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain vary in their locations between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in different organisms, whereas genes for a homologous multisubunit complex in chloroplasts have to date only been found on the plastid genom ...
Moore BA, Gonzalez Aviles GD, Larkins CE, Hillman MJ, Caspary T. Mamm Genome. 2010 Aug;21(7-8):350-60. Mitochondrial retention of Opa1 is required for mouse embryogenesis
... for details). From this sequencing we identified a single mutation: an A ? G transition mutation in intron 19 of Opa1 that created a cryptic splice acceptor site (Fig. 1). From the sequencing of Opa1 cDNA extracted from lilR3 embryos, we verified that the predominant transcript produced from the mut ...
... for details). From this sequencing we identified a single mutation: an A ? G transition mutation in intron 19 of Opa1 that created a cryptic splice acceptor site (Fig. 1). From the sequencing of Opa1 cDNA extracted from lilR3 embryos, we verified that the predominant transcript produced from the mut ...
Mutant selection and phenotypic and genetic characterization of
... sequential transfer in increasing ethanol concentration, with or without mutagenesis, has resulted in strains that are able to withstand as high as 50–55 g/L ethanol [(Williams et al. 2007; Timmons et al. 2009; Wang et al. 1983; Sudha Rani and Seenayya 1999); see Supplemental Table S1 for a summary ...
... sequential transfer in increasing ethanol concentration, with or without mutagenesis, has resulted in strains that are able to withstand as high as 50–55 g/L ethanol [(Williams et al. 2007; Timmons et al. 2009; Wang et al. 1983; Sudha Rani and Seenayya 1999); see Supplemental Table S1 for a summary ...
XTalkDB: a database of signaling pathway crosstalk
... pairs: (A, B) and (B, A). Note that the crosstalk from A → B is different from crosstalk from B → A. ii) We searched PubMed for publications that may provide evidence for crosstalk between two pathways using a structured query. We formatted these queries as follows: ‘A AND B AND crosstalk’ or ‘A AND ...
... pairs: (A, B) and (B, A). Note that the crosstalk from A → B is different from crosstalk from B → A. ii) We searched PubMed for publications that may provide evidence for crosstalk between two pathways using a structured query. We formatted these queries as follows: ‘A AND B AND crosstalk’ or ‘A AND ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.