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... citrus and strawberries [13,14], the lower activity of ACON, which catalyzes the conversion of citrate into isocitrate, could be responsible for the increase in citrate concentration during fruit growth in sour lemons [15]. NAD-IDH is present in mitochondria but rarely identified in fruits, and no l ...
... citrus and strawberries [13,14], the lower activity of ACON, which catalyzes the conversion of citrate into isocitrate, could be responsible for the increase in citrate concentration during fruit growth in sour lemons [15]. NAD-IDH is present in mitochondria but rarely identified in fruits, and no l ...
Landick R, Yanofsky C. 1987. Transcription
... scribing polymerase molecule moves over the initial segment of the leader region. While the polymerase pauses in the leader region, the opportunity is provided for loading of a ribosome at the leader peptide ribosome-binding site of the leader transcript. After a ribosome loads and begins translatio ...
... scribing polymerase molecule moves over the initial segment of the leader region. While the polymerase pauses in the leader region, the opportunity is provided for loading of a ribosome at the leader peptide ribosome-binding site of the leader transcript. After a ribosome loads and begins translatio ...
Globins in Nonvertebrate Species: Dispersal by Horizontal Gene
... atmospheric 0, became available the acquisition of oxygen-binding properties was initiated, culminating in the various highly specialized functions known at present. During this evolutionary process, we suggest that (1) high oxygen affinity may have been acquired repeatedly and (2) the formation of ...
... atmospheric 0, became available the acquisition of oxygen-binding properties was initiated, culminating in the various highly specialized functions known at present. During this evolutionary process, we suggest that (1) high oxygen affinity may have been acquired repeatedly and (2) the formation of ...
Metabolic flux profiling of recombinant protein secreting Pichia
... Growth and product formation of recombinant P. pastoris strains There are only few physiological studies on the potential impact of recombinant protein production on the core metabolism of P. pastoris, particularly for those cases where the product is secreted [9, 15]. The aim of our study was to q ...
... Growth and product formation of recombinant P. pastoris strains There are only few physiological studies on the potential impact of recombinant protein production on the core metabolism of P. pastoris, particularly for those cases where the product is secreted [9, 15]. The aim of our study was to q ...
Analysis of similarity of the S1 gene in infectious bronchitis virus (IBV
... (Jackwood et al 1995). It also induces various virus neutralizing antibodies, hence the investigation of the S1 gene plays an important and representative role in the research of IBV’s molecular biology and it is also important for the further investigation of the pathogenic mechanism and the use of ...
... (Jackwood et al 1995). It also induces various virus neutralizing antibodies, hence the investigation of the S1 gene plays an important and representative role in the research of IBV’s molecular biology and it is also important for the further investigation of the pathogenic mechanism and the use of ...
Chylomicron Remnants and Nonesterified Fatty Involved in Lipogenesis in Rats
... content of the prepared chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants was determined by GC (Table 1). Minimal composition changes were detected by conversion of the chylomicrons to the chylomicron remnants. Chylomicron remnants derived from rats receiving safflower oil (PUFA-enriched remnants) contained 57. ...
... content of the prepared chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants was determined by GC (Table 1). Minimal composition changes were detected by conversion of the chylomicrons to the chylomicron remnants. Chylomicron remnants derived from rats receiving safflower oil (PUFA-enriched remnants) contained 57. ...
The SRA gen - uri=dna.kdna.ucla
... In These Clones, Transcription of SRA Is Associated with Resistance to Human Serum In accordance with previous results (De Greef et al., 1989), SRA transcripts were only detected in R and not in S clones (Figure 3). The detection of SRA transcripts in 2CR but not in 2CS was especially significant, s ...
... In These Clones, Transcription of SRA Is Associated with Resistance to Human Serum In accordance with previous results (De Greef et al., 1989), SRA transcripts were only detected in R and not in S clones (Figure 3). The detection of SRA transcripts in 2CR but not in 2CS was especially significant, s ...
Comparative proteomic network signatures in seminal plasma of
... Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a major role in the pathology of male infertility. It is an independent biomarker of sperm function. Seminal plasma is a natural reservoir of antioxidants responsible for the nourishment, protection, capacitation, and motility of sperm within the fema ...
... Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a major role in the pathology of male infertility. It is an independent biomarker of sperm function. Seminal plasma is a natural reservoir of antioxidants responsible for the nourishment, protection, capacitation, and motility of sperm within the fema ...
Roles of Plant Hormones and Their Interplay in Rice Immunity
... ubiquitin/26S proteasome system (Spoel et al., 2009). Yeast two-hybrid screens reveal the protein–protein interaction between AtNPR1 and several members of the TGA family of bZIP transcription factors (Spoel et al., 2009). Moreover, overexpression of AtNPR1 in rice greatly increased resistance to X ...
... ubiquitin/26S proteasome system (Spoel et al., 2009). Yeast two-hybrid screens reveal the protein–protein interaction between AtNPR1 and several members of the TGA family of bZIP transcription factors (Spoel et al., 2009). Moreover, overexpression of AtNPR1 in rice greatly increased resistance to X ...
The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 (TNFAIP3) is a central regulator of
... DUB activity removes K63-linked polyubiquitin chains from RIP1, preventing its interaction with NEMO. Furthermore, A20 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity then promotes RIP1 K48-linked polyubiquitination, which triggers the proteasome-mediated degradation of RIP1 [14,16] (Figure 1). In addition, A20 is cap ...
... DUB activity removes K63-linked polyubiquitin chains from RIP1, preventing its interaction with NEMO. Furthermore, A20 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity then promotes RIP1 K48-linked polyubiquitination, which triggers the proteasome-mediated degradation of RIP1 [14,16] (Figure 1). In addition, A20 is cap ...
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... of allergens from their sources [8]. Obtaining the allergen-encoded cDNAs, three different methods are applied. The first is based on immunoscreening, the second is based on amino acids determination, and the third usesthe sequence similarity at the protein and nucleic acid level. The workflow for t ...
... of allergens from their sources [8]. Obtaining the allergen-encoded cDNAs, three different methods are applied. The first is based on immunoscreening, the second is based on amino acids determination, and the third usesthe sequence similarity at the protein and nucleic acid level. The workflow for t ...
BMC Microbiology
... 5% identified thus far. Fungal species can survive in virtually all biotopes on earth, as they have been identified in water and soil, and on plants and animals. Part of their success comes from the ability to use different reproductive strategies, which provide increased flexibility for diverse ...
... 5% identified thus far. Fungal species can survive in virtually all biotopes on earth, as they have been identified in water and soil, and on plants and animals. Part of their success comes from the ability to use different reproductive strategies, which provide increased flexibility for diverse ...
Genetic tools for manipulating Acinetobacter baumannii genome: an
... A. baumannii; therefore, they can serve as integration vectors. In addition, some other E. coli plasmids, such as those derived from R6K, also do not replicate in A. baumannii. Some commonly and recently used integration plasmids for manipulation of the A. baumannii genome are listed in Jacobs et al ...
... A. baumannii; therefore, they can serve as integration vectors. In addition, some other E. coli plasmids, such as those derived from R6K, also do not replicate in A. baumannii. Some commonly and recently used integration plasmids for manipulation of the A. baumannii genome are listed in Jacobs et al ...
Protein Cross-linkers handbook and selection guide
... cross-linkers such as NHS-esters or imidoester may also be used. Homobifunctional cross-linkers have the potential of producing self-conjugation or polymerization. Heterobifunctional crosslinkers, on the other hand, do not pose the risk of self-conjugation and hence are the best choice for antibody- ...
... cross-linkers such as NHS-esters or imidoester may also be used. Homobifunctional cross-linkers have the potential of producing self-conjugation or polymerization. Heterobifunctional crosslinkers, on the other hand, do not pose the risk of self-conjugation and hence are the best choice for antibody- ...
RNA interference - Bio
... pre-mRNA and mRNA to produce a substrate for ribonuclease H (RNaseH) which specifically degrades the RNA strand of the formed RNA-DNA duplexes. Modification of ODN’s in a way to prevent the action of RNaseH they can inhibit the translation of mRNA via steric hinderance. ODNs and modifications can be ...
... pre-mRNA and mRNA to produce a substrate for ribonuclease H (RNaseH) which specifically degrades the RNA strand of the formed RNA-DNA duplexes. Modification of ODN’s in a way to prevent the action of RNaseH they can inhibit the translation of mRNA via steric hinderance. ODNs and modifications can be ...
The sucrose-cleaving enzymes of plants are crucial for development
... sequences and similar biochemical properties. By contrast, the regulation of their genes is markedly different and distinct developmental- and organ-specific expression patterns have been found4,8. The sucrose synthase polypeptides are located in the cytoplasm and, depending on their phosphorylation ...
... sequences and similar biochemical properties. By contrast, the regulation of their genes is markedly different and distinct developmental- and organ-specific expression patterns have been found4,8. The sucrose synthase polypeptides are located in the cytoplasm and, depending on their phosphorylation ...
- World Journal of Gastroenterology
... heart disease, atherothrombotic risk profile, and overall risk of metabolic disease. Therefore, it is plausible to suggest that aminotransferases are surrogate biomarkers of “liver metabolic functioning” beyond the classical concept of liver cellular damage, as their enzymatic activity might actuall ...
... heart disease, atherothrombotic risk profile, and overall risk of metabolic disease. Therefore, it is plausible to suggest that aminotransferases are surrogate biomarkers of “liver metabolic functioning” beyond the classical concept of liver cellular damage, as their enzymatic activity might actuall ...
Small, Smaller, Smallest: The Origins and Evolution of Ancient Dual
... (BetaSymb ¼ Zinderia + Nasuia + Vidania), blue; symbiont loss, black dashed line; and symbiont replacement, green. Identified symbiont names are given at the tips. This schematic is not a full account of host relationships and symbiont associations, as many species and genera remain to be explored, ...
... (BetaSymb ¼ Zinderia + Nasuia + Vidania), blue; symbiont loss, black dashed line; and symbiont replacement, green. Identified symbiont names are given at the tips. This schematic is not a full account of host relationships and symbiont associations, as many species and genera remain to be explored, ...
NOVEL SPERM-SPECIFIC GLYCOLYTIC ISOZYMES GENERATED
... spliced exon in Aldoa_v2. Expression of all three isozymes was restricted to the male germline and was regulated at transcriptional and translational levels. Both ALDOART1 and ALDOA_V2 are tightly bound to the fibrous sheath and have unique N-terminal extensions that may mediate this binding. ALDOA_ ...
... spliced exon in Aldoa_v2. Expression of all three isozymes was restricted to the male germline and was regulated at transcriptional and translational levels. Both ALDOART1 and ALDOA_V2 are tightly bound to the fibrous sheath and have unique N-terminal extensions that may mediate this binding. ALDOA_ ...
- Wiley Online Library
... retention and loss of carotenoids Research into carotenoids has major implication for medicine, industry, and evolution (Cazzonelli, 2011; Shumskaya & Wurtzel, 2013). Carotenoids are crucial for human health, providing precursors for vitamin A biosynthesis, but they need to be acquired through diet, ...
... retention and loss of carotenoids Research into carotenoids has major implication for medicine, industry, and evolution (Cazzonelli, 2011; Shumskaya & Wurtzel, 2013). Carotenoids are crucial for human health, providing precursors for vitamin A biosynthesis, but they need to be acquired through diet, ...
Biochemistry 499
... Abnormal phosphorylation has been known as a cause or consequence of many human diseases, such as cancer. This stresses the importance of regulation of the enzymes involved in reversible phosphorylation, especially the protein phosphatases. There are relatively few Ser/Thr phosphatases in the cell a ...
... Abnormal phosphorylation has been known as a cause or consequence of many human diseases, such as cancer. This stresses the importance of regulation of the enzymes involved in reversible phosphorylation, especially the protein phosphatases. There are relatively few Ser/Thr phosphatases in the cell a ...
Inflammation and ER Stress Regulate Branched
... epididymal adipose tissue of high-fat-fed mice but not in inguinal fat. To assess whether the down-regulation of the BCAA pathway gene expression was adipose specific, a panel of enzymes was profiled in brown fat, muscle, and liver, and expression was found to not be affected and, in the case of liv ...
... epididymal adipose tissue of high-fat-fed mice but not in inguinal fat. To assess whether the down-regulation of the BCAA pathway gene expression was adipose specific, a panel of enzymes was profiled in brown fat, muscle, and liver, and expression was found to not be affected and, in the case of liv ...
Understanding the acetylome: translating targeted
... physical activity to regulate metabolic health, numerous research groups have focused on the molecular mechanisms that sense, interpret, and translate this contractile signal into postexercise adaptation. While our current understanding is that contraction-sensitive allosteric factors (e.g., Ca2⫹, A ...
... physical activity to regulate metabolic health, numerous research groups have focused on the molecular mechanisms that sense, interpret, and translate this contractile signal into postexercise adaptation. While our current understanding is that contraction-sensitive allosteric factors (e.g., Ca2⫹, A ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.