Evolution of codon usage bias in Drosophila
... the effective number of alleles and is related to the ‘‘homozygosity’’ for codons—i.e., the probability that two randomly chosen synonymous codons are identical. ENC ranges from 20 if only one codon is used for each amino acid to 61 if all synonymous codons are used equally. ENC can also be calculat ...
... the effective number of alleles and is related to the ‘‘homozygosity’’ for codons—i.e., the probability that two randomly chosen synonymous codons are identical. ENC ranges from 20 if only one codon is used for each amino acid to 61 if all synonymous codons are used equally. ENC can also be calculat ...
Fulltext - Jultika
... thioester reductase (MECR/ETR1), the human functional counterpart of yeast Etr1p. In addition, MECR was also isolated from bovine heart. It turns out that mammals contain a mitochondrial FAS II pathway, in addition to cytoplasmic FAS I. To investigate the functional mechanism of MECR/ETR1 at the mol ...
... thioester reductase (MECR/ETR1), the human functional counterpart of yeast Etr1p. In addition, MECR was also isolated from bovine heart. It turns out that mammals contain a mitochondrial FAS II pathway, in addition to cytoplasmic FAS I. To investigate the functional mechanism of MECR/ETR1 at the mol ...
Flux Balance Analysis of Photoautotrophic
... efficiently produce valuable products (1). These efforts encompass expression of foreign enzymes and pathways in host organisms as well as the directed creation of mutant strains. Such manipulations naturally have a direct impact on the metabolic flux distributions in the system. System-wide metabol ...
... efficiently produce valuable products (1). These efforts encompass expression of foreign enzymes and pathways in host organisms as well as the directed creation of mutant strains. Such manipulations naturally have a direct impact on the metabolic flux distributions in the system. System-wide metabol ...
Interesting Case Series Supernumerary Digits of the Hand
... The most common congenital anomaly of the hand is polydactyly, characterized by partial or complete duplication of a digit on a normal 1-thumb and 4-finger hand.1 These supernumerary digit anomalies can be classified into 3 distinct categories on the basis of their location: postaxial (ulnar), preax ...
... The most common congenital anomaly of the hand is polydactyly, characterized by partial or complete duplication of a digit on a normal 1-thumb and 4-finger hand.1 These supernumerary digit anomalies can be classified into 3 distinct categories on the basis of their location: postaxial (ulnar), preax ...
Coordination of the maize transcriptome by a conserved circadian
... Conclusions: Circadian regulation of the maize genome was widespread and key genes in several major metabolic pathways had circadian expression waveforms. The maize circadian clock coordinated transcription to be coincident with oncoming day or night, which was consistent with the circadian oscillat ...
... Conclusions: Circadian regulation of the maize genome was widespread and key genes in several major metabolic pathways had circadian expression waveforms. The maize circadian clock coordinated transcription to be coincident with oncoming day or night, which was consistent with the circadian oscillat ...
Cloning and functional expression of invertebrate connexins from
... connexin-like sequences and failed to identify any innexin sequences [8]. However, this cursory analysis did not show any data on sequence alignments, provide any figures of molecular phylogeny, discuss gene structure, or most importantly, demonstrate that the connexin-like sequences encoded proteins ...
... connexin-like sequences and failed to identify any innexin sequences [8]. However, this cursory analysis did not show any data on sequence alignments, provide any figures of molecular phylogeny, discuss gene structure, or most importantly, demonstrate that the connexin-like sequences encoded proteins ...
Novel Multiprotein Complexes Identified in the Hyperthermophilic
... pathways as “metabolons” appears to provide certain advantages, such as substrate channeling (7–9). The identification of protein-protein interactions and functional, stable associations is extremely important in understanding the biology of a cell. However, predicting the nature of such complexes w ...
... pathways as “metabolons” appears to provide certain advantages, such as substrate channeling (7–9). The identification of protein-protein interactions and functional, stable associations is extremely important in understanding the biology of a cell. However, predicting the nature of such complexes w ...
Generation of genome-scale metabolic reconstructions for
... human metabolism, which will facilitate studies of host–microbiome interactions. Changes in the composition of the human gut microbiota have been associated with the development of chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and colorectal cancer1. Gut bacterial functions, such as synthesis ...
... human metabolism, which will facilitate studies of host–microbiome interactions. Changes in the composition of the human gut microbiota have been associated with the development of chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and colorectal cancer1. Gut bacterial functions, such as synthesis ...
for growth. fermentation end products and genes required growth of
... samples of pyruvate and succinate gave signals which were very close in chemical shift (within 0.03 ppm), we cannot exclude ...
... samples of pyruvate and succinate gave signals which were very close in chemical shift (within 0.03 ppm), we cannot exclude ...
The Organellar Genome and Metabolic Potential
... It is generally accepted that hydrogenosomes (hydrogen-producing organelles) evolved from a mitochondrial ancestor. However, until recently, only indirect evidence for this hypothesis was available. Here, we present the almost complete genome of the hydrogen-producing mitochondrion of the anaerobic ...
... It is generally accepted that hydrogenosomes (hydrogen-producing organelles) evolved from a mitochondrial ancestor. However, until recently, only indirect evidence for this hypothesis was available. Here, we present the almost complete genome of the hydrogen-producing mitochondrion of the anaerobic ...
COMPARISON OF MAJOR SECONDARY METABOLITES QUANTIFIED IN ELICITED CELL
... Earlier reports show MeJA and chitosan triggering highest total phenolic content in cell cultures [30, 31] whereas in Ocimum, total phenols were observed as the highest in leaves for all the three species and the next highest was observed in the elicited cell cultures. Though it was observed so, tot ...
... Earlier reports show MeJA and chitosan triggering highest total phenolic content in cell cultures [30, 31] whereas in Ocimum, total phenols were observed as the highest in leaves for all the three species and the next highest was observed in the elicited cell cultures. Though it was observed so, tot ...
proposal-aug25
... short conserved segments that fall within disordered regions, but do not match any known protein domains. To estimate the expected number of false positives identified in the cluster analysis we will repeat the clustering on the motifs identified in simulated disordered proteins. These computational ...
... short conserved segments that fall within disordered regions, but do not match any known protein domains. To estimate the expected number of false positives identified in the cluster analysis we will repeat the clustering on the motifs identified in simulated disordered proteins. These computational ...
Comparative analyses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNAs using
... Fig. 1. Estimation of RNA concentration using RNA Nano Assay and EtBr-stained agarose electrophoresis. A: Concentration calibration curve of diluted RNAs performed on Nano Assay. Numbers within the graph indicate amounts of analysed RNA in ng. Arrows indicate the range of concentrations reproducibly ...
... Fig. 1. Estimation of RNA concentration using RNA Nano Assay and EtBr-stained agarose electrophoresis. A: Concentration calibration curve of diluted RNAs performed on Nano Assay. Numbers within the graph indicate amounts of analysed RNA in ng. Arrows indicate the range of concentrations reproducibly ...
Planta
... the peptide sequence preceding the pair of arginines was similar to a plastidial transit peptide (Fig. 1), a sequence lacking this 5¢ part of the sequence was also cloned into the expression vectors which resulted in the vectors pQE50Diso and pQE30Diso. After transformation of the E. coli strain TG1 ...
... the peptide sequence preceding the pair of arginines was similar to a plastidial transit peptide (Fig. 1), a sequence lacking this 5¢ part of the sequence was also cloned into the expression vectors which resulted in the vectors pQE50Diso and pQE30Diso. After transformation of the E. coli strain TG1 ...
Ribosome engineering to promote new crystal forms
... domains II of IF-2 (Myasnikov et al., 2005), EF-G (Connell et al., 2007), EF-Tu (Schuette et al., 2009; Villa et al., 2009) as well as RF3 (Gao et al., 2007) contact helix 5 of 16S rRNA in cryoEM reconstructions of ribosomal complexes with GTPase translation factors. During the translation cycle, th ...
... domains II of IF-2 (Myasnikov et al., 2005), EF-G (Connell et al., 2007), EF-Tu (Schuette et al., 2009; Villa et al., 2009) as well as RF3 (Gao et al., 2007) contact helix 5 of 16S rRNA in cryoEM reconstructions of ribosomal complexes with GTPase translation factors. During the translation cycle, th ...
the molecular mechanism of photosynthetic glyceraldehyde
... Department of Biology – Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology – University of Bologna Photosynthetic GAPDH subunits (GapA and GapB) give rise in chloroplasts of higher plants to two different isoforms with either A4 or AnBn stochiometry, the latter being more abundant and displaying sophisticated ...
... Department of Biology – Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology – University of Bologna Photosynthetic GAPDH subunits (GapA and GapB) give rise in chloroplasts of higher plants to two different isoforms with either A4 or AnBn stochiometry, the latter being more abundant and displaying sophisticated ...
A non-canonical pathway for aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in
... Developing a protocol for electroporation of N. pharaonis............... 141 ...
... Developing a protocol for electroporation of N. pharaonis............... 141 ...
Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid reduces neutral lipid
... Background: Due to high neutral lipids accumulation in the cytoplasm, in vitro-produced embryos from Bos primigenius indicus and their crosses are more sensitive to chilling and cryopreservation than those from Bos primigenius taurus. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of ...
... Background: Due to high neutral lipids accumulation in the cytoplasm, in vitro-produced embryos from Bos primigenius indicus and their crosses are more sensitive to chilling and cryopreservation than those from Bos primigenius taurus. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of ...
HUMAN PRIMARY CELLS RNA PRODUCTS Total RNA
... A. AllCells Total RNA products have been treated with DNase I to minimize genomic DNA presence. However, no procedure can guarantee absolute absence of all genomic DNA traces. Q. Is there micro RNA in the Total RNA products? A. No, there is no micro RNA in the Total RNA products. However, AllCells C ...
... A. AllCells Total RNA products have been treated with DNase I to minimize genomic DNA presence. However, no procedure can guarantee absolute absence of all genomic DNA traces. Q. Is there micro RNA in the Total RNA products? A. No, there is no micro RNA in the Total RNA products. However, AllCells C ...
Codon optimization of Col H gene encoding Clostridium
... site obstructs translation initiation. On the other hand, GC-poor mRNAs cannot fold strongly and ...
... site obstructs translation initiation. On the other hand, GC-poor mRNAs cannot fold strongly and ...
results and discussion discussion
... Results and discussion Inter Pro Scan search revealed similarity of GspM with members of Family PD027049 (ProDom release 2005.1). The most well characterized member of this family is glucose starvation induced protein (GsiB) of Bacillus subtilis, which is a hydrophilic protein of 123 amino acids an ...
... Results and discussion Inter Pro Scan search revealed similarity of GspM with members of Family PD027049 (ProDom release 2005.1). The most well characterized member of this family is glucose starvation induced protein (GsiB) of Bacillus subtilis, which is a hydrophilic protein of 123 amino acids an ...
Plant Nucleotide Sugar Formation, Interconversion, and Salvage by
... Nucleotide sugars are the universal sugar donors for the formation of polysaccharides, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glycolipids, and glycosylated secondary metabolites. At least 100 genes encode proteins involved in the formation of nucleotide sugars. These nucleotide sugars are formed using the ca ...
... Nucleotide sugars are the universal sugar donors for the formation of polysaccharides, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glycolipids, and glycosylated secondary metabolites. At least 100 genes encode proteins involved in the formation of nucleotide sugars. These nucleotide sugars are formed using the ca ...
Inhibition of Wound-Induced Accumulation of
... wound-induced JA accumulation previously observed in tomato plants (Peña-Cortés et al., 1993; Doares et al., 1995), detached flax leaves were pretreated for 3 h with either 1 mm aspirin or 1 mm SA and subsequently wounded. At different times after the treatment, the directly wounded leaves (local ...
... wound-induced JA accumulation previously observed in tomato plants (Peña-Cortés et al., 1993; Doares et al., 1995), detached flax leaves were pretreated for 3 h with either 1 mm aspirin or 1 mm SA and subsequently wounded. At different times after the treatment, the directly wounded leaves (local ...
Odyssey of Agrobacterium T-DNA.
... ripherally bound to the others and located primarily in the cytoplasm, although a small part of VirB4 may span the inner membrane. These proteins show ATPase activity and are thought to provide the energy required for export of other protein subunits, for T-DNA transport, or both. VirB proteins were ...
... ripherally bound to the others and located primarily in the cytoplasm, although a small part of VirB4 may span the inner membrane. These proteins show ATPase activity and are thought to provide the energy required for export of other protein subunits, for T-DNA transport, or both. VirB proteins were ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.