Dynamic changes of yak (Bos grunniens) gut microbiota during
... alignment length, and finally we identified a total of 6754 KEGG orthologous groups (KOs). Classifications of ...
... alignment length, and finally we identified a total of 6754 KEGG orthologous groups (KOs). Classifications of ...
Translation of Cyclin mRNA Is Necessary for Extracts of Activated
... study cell-free extracts that require protein synthesis to enter mitosis and permit more than one round of DNA replication (Lohka and Masui, 1983, 1984; Hutchison et al., 1987; Blow and Laskey, 1988). If it could be shown that cyclin synthesis is necessary and sufficient to promote mitosis in vitro, ...
... study cell-free extracts that require protein synthesis to enter mitosis and permit more than one round of DNA replication (Lohka and Masui, 1983, 1984; Hutchison et al., 1987; Blow and Laskey, 1988). If it could be shown that cyclin synthesis is necessary and sufficient to promote mitosis in vitro, ...
The biosynthesis of peptidoglycan lipid
... 2200 nmol min1 mg1 of protein, a value about 7300-fold higher than the basal activity detected in wild-type cell membranes. It did not show any detectable C55-OH phosphokinase activity. Considering this newly identified function, it was proposed to rename the bacA gene uppP (El Ghachi et al., 2004 ...
... 2200 nmol min1 mg1 of protein, a value about 7300-fold higher than the basal activity detected in wild-type cell membranes. It did not show any detectable C55-OH phosphokinase activity. Considering this newly identified function, it was proposed to rename the bacA gene uppP (El Ghachi et al., 2004 ...
Introduction - MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
... Circadian rhythms are cell-autonomous phenomena found throughout biology and have been shown to regulate many aspects of health and disease1. Despite this almost ubiquitous observation of cellular timekeeping, the genes generally proposed to be responsible show little or no homology between kingdoms ...
... Circadian rhythms are cell-autonomous phenomena found throughout biology and have been shown to regulate many aspects of health and disease1. Despite this almost ubiquitous observation of cellular timekeeping, the genes generally proposed to be responsible show little or no homology between kingdoms ...
Situs inversus and ciliary abnormalities: 20Łyears later, what is the
... [39] and the inversion of embryonic turning (inv) developing situs inversus [40]. Both mouse models were extensively used for the analysis of LR-development. It was anticipated that these mutant mice would provide important insights into the understanding of LR-development, although the genetic basi ...
... [39] and the inversion of embryonic turning (inv) developing situs inversus [40]. Both mouse models were extensively used for the analysis of LR-development. It was anticipated that these mutant mice would provide important insights into the understanding of LR-development, although the genetic basi ...
2006 Program
... Leung, Joaquín Madrenas, Eric J. Sundberg, and John K. McCormick “Crystal structure of the streptococcal superantigen SpeI and functional role of a novel loop domain in T cell activation by group V superantigens” Sam Katzif “Production of the cold shock protein CspA by Staphylococcus aureus” Andrei ...
... Leung, Joaquín Madrenas, Eric J. Sundberg, and John K. McCormick “Crystal structure of the streptococcal superantigen SpeI and functional role of a novel loop domain in T cell activation by group V superantigens” Sam Katzif “Production of the cold shock protein CspA by Staphylococcus aureus” Andrei ...
Salinity Response in Chloroplasts: Insights from Gene
... Chloroplasts are unique organelles due to their highly oxidizing metabolic activity and increased rate of electron flow, being especially prone to generating ROS, such as superoxide anion (O2 − ), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), singlet oxygen (1 O2 ), and hydroxyl radical (OH•). The presence of ROS pro ...
... Chloroplasts are unique organelles due to their highly oxidizing metabolic activity and increased rate of electron flow, being especially prone to generating ROS, such as superoxide anion (O2 − ), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), singlet oxygen (1 O2 ), and hydroxyl radical (OH•). The presence of ROS pro ...
Dynamics and genetic diversification of Escherichia coli
... of three molecules of ATP per glucose, depending on which fermentation pathways are used (Gunsalus & Park, 1994). In some facultative anaerobes, organic compounds such as citrate can be metabolised under anaerobic conditions and thus increase energy yields when they are co-metabolised with other sub ...
... of three molecules of ATP per glucose, depending on which fermentation pathways are used (Gunsalus & Park, 1994). In some facultative anaerobes, organic compounds such as citrate can be metabolised under anaerobic conditions and thus increase energy yields when they are co-metabolised with other sub ...
A new polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length
... The high cost and the need for adequate laboratory conditions are the most frequently used arguments against using PCR in developing countries (Torres et al., 2006). However, PCR-based assays have advantages over microscopic tests because of their great capacity to distinguish P. vivax genotypes, as ...
... The high cost and the need for adequate laboratory conditions are the most frequently used arguments against using PCR in developing countries (Torres et al., 2006). However, PCR-based assays have advantages over microscopic tests because of their great capacity to distinguish P. vivax genotypes, as ...
Genomic Insights into Methanotrophy: The Complete Genome Sequence of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath)
... gluconeogenic conversions, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, from analysis of the genome data. These pathways, together with those known from previous studies, are depicted in Figure 2, along with the locus numbers for predicted enzymes. Some of these pathways have not been experimentally veri ...
... gluconeogenic conversions, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, from analysis of the genome data. These pathways, together with those known from previous studies, are depicted in Figure 2, along with the locus numbers for predicted enzymes. Some of these pathways have not been experimentally veri ...
Protein Folding and Expression
... Protein expression is not an easy process; however, it can be made easier with the help of products that aid expression and folding. There are many factors which can prohibit the production of functional protein. Often it is not possible to predict which factors may impact expression of a particular ...
... Protein expression is not an easy process; however, it can be made easier with the help of products that aid expression and folding. There are many factors which can prohibit the production of functional protein. Often it is not possible to predict which factors may impact expression of a particular ...
Raven/Johnson Biology 8e
... d. All of the above The correct answer is d— A. Answer a is incorrect. Cdk activity requires the presence of cyclins; however, other mechanisms regulate the activity. The correct answer is d— B. Answer b is incorrect. Phosphorylation is an important regulatory mechanism for Cdk, but it is not the on ...
... d. All of the above The correct answer is d— A. Answer a is incorrect. Cdk activity requires the presence of cyclins; however, other mechanisms regulate the activity. The correct answer is d— B. Answer b is incorrect. Phosphorylation is an important regulatory mechanism for Cdk, but it is not the on ...
Raven/Johnson Biology 8e Chapter 10 - Answers 1.
... d. All of the above The correct answer is d— A. Answer a is incorrect. Cdk activity requires the presence of cyclins; however, other mechanisms regulate the activity. The correct answer is d— B. Answer b is incorrect. Phosphorylation is an important regulatory mechanism for Cdk, but it is not the on ...
... d. All of the above The correct answer is d— A. Answer a is incorrect. Cdk activity requires the presence of cyclins; however, other mechanisms regulate the activity. The correct answer is d— B. Answer b is incorrect. Phosphorylation is an important regulatory mechanism for Cdk, but it is not the on ...
A network-based approach to cell metabolism: from structure to flux balances
... aims is not authorized nor its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository is not authorized (framing). Those rights affect to the presentati ...
... aims is not authorized nor its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository is not authorized (framing). Those rights affect to the presentati ...
Jasmonate Biosynthesis, Perception and Function in Plant
... Biosynthesis of JAs originates from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and is synthesized by one of the seven distinct branches of the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway, the allene oxide synthase (AOS) branch (Feussner and Wasternack, 2002). The remaing six branches form other oxylipins including GLVs as w ...
... Biosynthesis of JAs originates from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and is synthesized by one of the seven distinct branches of the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway, the allene oxide synthase (AOS) branch (Feussner and Wasternack, 2002). The remaing six branches form other oxylipins including GLVs as w ...
Dorsoventral Patterning in Hemichordates
... expressed in the three germ layers of hemichordate embryos in distinct dorsoventral domains, such as pox neuro, pituitary homeobox, distalless, and tbx2/3 on the Bmp side and netrin, mnx, mox, and single-minded on the ChordinAdmp side. When we expose the embryo to excess Bmp protein, or when we depl ...
... expressed in the three germ layers of hemichordate embryos in distinct dorsoventral domains, such as pox neuro, pituitary homeobox, distalless, and tbx2/3 on the Bmp side and netrin, mnx, mox, and single-minded on the ChordinAdmp side. When we expose the embryo to excess Bmp protein, or when we depl ...
Chlamydia Exploit the Mammalian Tryptophan-Depletion
... overall Trp content that is average or even low, (ii) Amplification of the Trp content of a single ...
... overall Trp content that is average or even low, (ii) Amplification of the Trp content of a single ...
Transcription Factor EB Controls Metabolic Flexibility during
... Here we show that the calcineurin-TFEB axis plays a major role in the metabolic adaptations that occur during physical exercise. By using gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we show that TFEB regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and glucose uptake independently of PGC1a. Indeed, TFEB controls genes ...
... Here we show that the calcineurin-TFEB axis plays a major role in the metabolic adaptations that occur during physical exercise. By using gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we show that TFEB regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and glucose uptake independently of PGC1a. Indeed, TFEB controls genes ...
Chapter 18
... Cholesterol ↑↑ → produce oxysterol → activated LXR (liver X receptor) → cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase → (cholesterol convent to) bile acid → secret excessive cholesterol LXR → stimulated ABC expression (ABCG5/8; ABCA1) → cholesterol release LXR → SREBP activation → lipid synthesis related enzyme expres ...
... Cholesterol ↑↑ → produce oxysterol → activated LXR (liver X receptor) → cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase → (cholesterol convent to) bile acid → secret excessive cholesterol LXR → stimulated ABC expression (ABCG5/8; ABCA1) → cholesterol release LXR → SREBP activation → lipid synthesis related enzyme expres ...
Development and application of a positive
... which hampers easy selection of such mutants (6). Therefore, relatively simple procedures that are routinely used in other organisms to analyse gene function by targeted gene disruption, such as complementation of function through restoration of the disrupted gene or by the introduction of transgene ...
... which hampers easy selection of such mutants (6). Therefore, relatively simple procedures that are routinely used in other organisms to analyse gene function by targeted gene disruption, such as complementation of function through restoration of the disrupted gene or by the introduction of transgene ...
Sample & Assay Technologies QIAgenes E. coli
... optimization on E. coli expression were evaluated using individually optimized genes. The individual expression performance was tested on a broad basis using E. coli cells and E. coli cell-free expression systems. This helped us to identify the most important bioinformatic parameters within the codi ...
... optimization on E. coli expression were evaluated using individually optimized genes. The individual expression performance was tested on a broad basis using E. coli cells and E. coli cell-free expression systems. This helped us to identify the most important bioinformatic parameters within the codi ...
Phylogeny of Firmicutes with special reference to Mycoplasma
... Staphylococcus, Listeria and Lactobacillus (clustering within Bacilli II) and the spore-forming genera Geobacillus and Bacillus (Bacilli I) are well-supported as being monophyletic (Fig. 1). The genus Mycoplasma appeared to be paraphyletic (because of Ureaplasma and Spiroplasma) and Clostridium is a ...
... Staphylococcus, Listeria and Lactobacillus (clustering within Bacilli II) and the spore-forming genera Geobacillus and Bacillus (Bacilli I) are well-supported as being monophyletic (Fig. 1). The genus Mycoplasma appeared to be paraphyletic (because of Ureaplasma and Spiroplasma) and Clostridium is a ...
Synonymous codons are not the same with
... To find whether the different synonymous codon composition is resulting in faster translation due to translation kinetics but not due to different mRNA structure, Yu et al. performed in vitro translation with yeast cell extract. Codon usage bias is different between N. crassa and yeast: the preferre ...
... To find whether the different synonymous codon composition is resulting in faster translation due to translation kinetics but not due to different mRNA structure, Yu et al. performed in vitro translation with yeast cell extract. Codon usage bias is different between N. crassa and yeast: the preferre ...
Definition
... The second phase of evolution and development of biotechnology can be called ‘Classical Biotechnology’. This phase existed from 1800 to almost the middle of the twentieth century. During this period various observations started pouring in, with scientific evidences. They were all very helpful toward ...
... The second phase of evolution and development of biotechnology can be called ‘Classical Biotechnology’. This phase existed from 1800 to almost the middle of the twentieth century. During this period various observations started pouring in, with scientific evidences. They were all very helpful toward ...
"Using the KEGG Database Resource". In: Current Protocols in
... 2. There are many analyses that can be done with the Ortholog Table. For example, under the Organism column, each entry has links to “P | G | T” corresponding to Pathway, Genome, and Title. “P” links to the pathway map, “G” to the genome map, and “T” to a list of gene functions. Clicking “P” will in ...
... 2. There are many analyses that can be done with the Ortholog Table. For example, under the Organism column, each entry has links to “P | G | T” corresponding to Pathway, Genome, and Title. “P” links to the pathway map, “G” to the genome map, and “T” to a list of gene functions. Clicking “P” will in ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.