OLSON LAB PROTOCOL: Working with RNA
... NOTES from the Qiagen RNeasy Mini Handbook 09/2010 Handling and storing starting material RNA in animal and plant tissues is not protected after harvesting until the sample is treated with RNAlater RNA Stabilization Reagent (animal tissues only), flash-frozen, or disrupted and homogenized in the pre ...
... NOTES from the Qiagen RNeasy Mini Handbook 09/2010 Handling and storing starting material RNA in animal and plant tissues is not protected after harvesting until the sample is treated with RNAlater RNA Stabilization Reagent (animal tissues only), flash-frozen, or disrupted and homogenized in the pre ...
Interactive exploration of genomic data from the nowac - Munin
... at correct zoom level. To understand diseases researchers collect data about different levels in our body, from the atoms of the cells and up to the function of organs. Showing the structure of atoms when looking at entire organs could overwhelm researchers with irrelevant information. In biology re ...
... at correct zoom level. To understand diseases researchers collect data about different levels in our body, from the atoms of the cells and up to the function of organs. Showing the structure of atoms when looking at entire organs could overwhelm researchers with irrelevant information. In biology re ...
Genetic Engineering for Improved Xylose Fermentation by Yeasts
... assimilative enzymes do not, By 1945, various fusaria had been used to ferment sulfite waste liquors and hydrolysates [12]. Karczewska reported in 1959 that Candida tropicalis would directly convert D-xylose and L-arabinose to ethanol under low aeration conditions [13] and that C. tropicalis and Can ...
... assimilative enzymes do not, By 1945, various fusaria had been used to ferment sulfite waste liquors and hydrolysates [12]. Karczewska reported in 1959 that Candida tropicalis would directly convert D-xylose and L-arabinose to ethanol under low aeration conditions [13] and that C. tropicalis and Can ...
21. Toshihiko Okamotofi`1 Yo Isogai,$2 and T6111 K0izumi*1 :
... our recently produced microarray dataset, we first identified the genes encoding the enzymes that we assayed. I mportantly, the data presented in this study are derived from the same tissue samples used in our previous physiological and transcriptomic characterization of Gaspe maize grown at two ste ...
... our recently produced microarray dataset, we first identified the genes encoding the enzymes that we assayed. I mportantly, the data presented in this study are derived from the same tissue samples used in our previous physiological and transcriptomic characterization of Gaspe maize grown at two ste ...
Early bioenergetic evolution
... free-living cells. The sources of energy available to early organic synthesis, early evolving systems and early cells stand in the foreground, as do the possible mechanisms of their conversion into harnessable chemical energy for synthetic reactions. With regard to the possible temporal sequence of ...
... free-living cells. The sources of energy available to early organic synthesis, early evolving systems and early cells stand in the foreground, as do the possible mechanisms of their conversion into harnessable chemical energy for synthetic reactions. With regard to the possible temporal sequence of ...
Structure-Function Relations in E. coli 16s RNA
... so has an appreciation of its importance in the function of the various RNP particles of which it is a part. For example, Ul RNA has been linked to mRNA splicing (Lerner et al., 1980; Rogers and Wall, 1980) while the RNA moiety of RNAase P has been shown to be absolutely required for its activity (K ...
... so has an appreciation of its importance in the function of the various RNP particles of which it is a part. For example, Ul RNA has been linked to mRNA splicing (Lerner et al., 1980; Rogers and Wall, 1980) while the RNA moiety of RNAase P has been shown to be absolutely required for its activity (K ...
University of Groningen Stress responses and sugar metabolism in
... genes during the growth cycle of B. subtilis as has been shown by transcriptome analysis at different growth phases [154]. Pleiotropicity of ccpA knock‐out mutants has also been shown by various transcriptomics studies performed at mid‐exponential phase of growth [18,150,181,276]. Moreo ...
... genes during the growth cycle of B. subtilis as has been shown by transcriptome analysis at different growth phases [154]. Pleiotropicity of ccpA knock‐out mutants has also been shown by various transcriptomics studies performed at mid‐exponential phase of growth [18,150,181,276]. Moreo ...
Nucleus-Encoded Genes for Plastid
... Plastids are the organelles of plants and algae that house photosynthesis and many other biochemical pathways. Plastids contain a small genome, but most of their proteins are encoded in the nucleus and posttranslationally targeted to the organelle. When plants and algae lose photosynthesis, they vir ...
... Plastids are the organelles of plants and algae that house photosynthesis and many other biochemical pathways. Plastids contain a small genome, but most of their proteins are encoded in the nucleus and posttranslationally targeted to the organelle. When plants and algae lose photosynthesis, they vir ...
Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding a novel Ca2+
... [2,13]. Furthermore, CAN has signi¢cant homology to these nucleases. We thus consider it unlikely that the detected activity resulted from the endogenous E. coli nuclease. It is most likely that CAN is an intracellular nuclease in Arabidopsis. Intracellular nucleases play critical roles in diverse c ...
... [2,13]. Furthermore, CAN has signi¢cant homology to these nucleases. We thus consider it unlikely that the detected activity resulted from the endogenous E. coli nuclease. It is most likely that CAN is an intracellular nuclease in Arabidopsis. Intracellular nucleases play critical roles in diverse c ...
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle-Dependent Regulation of Staphylococcus
... Determination of aconitase activity. Cell-free lysates of S. epidermidis were prepared as follows: aliquots of bacteria (2 ml) were harvested by centrifugation and suspended in 750 l of lysis buffer containing 90 mM Tris (pH 8.0) and 100 M fluorocitrate. The samples were lysed using lysing matrix ...
... Determination of aconitase activity. Cell-free lysates of S. epidermidis were prepared as follows: aliquots of bacteria (2 ml) were harvested by centrifugation and suspended in 750 l of lysis buffer containing 90 mM Tris (pH 8.0) and 100 M fluorocitrate. The samples were lysed using lysing matrix ...
Hypoxia in skeletal muscles: from physiology to gene expression
... mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) under hypoxia [46]. Besides NO, increases in the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) which removes superoxide and catalase (CAT) which removes hydrog ...
... mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) under hypoxia [46]. Besides NO, increases in the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) which removes superoxide and catalase (CAT) which removes hydrog ...
Absence of translationally selected synonymous codon usage
... McInerney, 1997). Second, in a number of species, the leading strand of replication has been found to be more GT-rich than the lagging strand (Perrie' re et al., 1996 ; Francino & Ochman, 1997 ; McLean et al., 1998) and this is reflected in codon usage. In particular, in the spirochaete Borrelia bu ...
... McInerney, 1997). Second, in a number of species, the leading strand of replication has been found to be more GT-rich than the lagging strand (Perrie' re et al., 1996 ; Francino & Ochman, 1997 ; McLean et al., 1998) and this is reflected in codon usage. In particular, in the spirochaete Borrelia bu ...
CitA (citrate) and DcuS (C 4 -dicarboxylate) sensor kinases in
... were tested for growth on C4-dicarboxylates. For identification as CitA or DcuS-type systems, ...
... were tested for growth on C4-dicarboxylates. For identification as CitA or DcuS-type systems, ...
Cambridge Workshop November 2008
... – Authors/researchers are the experts in their fields – Limited number of FlyBase curators, and increasing amount and variety of data being published – Improves FlyBase utility for everyone ...
... – Authors/researchers are the experts in their fields – Limited number of FlyBase curators, and increasing amount and variety of data being published – Improves FlyBase utility for everyone ...
Biochemistry and biosynthesis of insect pigments
... The earliest reference to carmine produced by cochineal insects, such as Dactylopius coccus (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae), D. confuses (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae), Porphyrophora polonica (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) and P. hamelii (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), dates back to 714 B.C. Marcin (1595) of Urzędów r ...
... The earliest reference to carmine produced by cochineal insects, such as Dactylopius coccus (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae), D. confuses (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae), Porphyrophora polonica (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) and P. hamelii (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), dates back to 714 B.C. Marcin (1595) of Urzędów r ...
Review Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases: Identifying the cryptic
... metabolites encoded by the putative cryptic gene clusters (Medema and Fischbach 2015). Evolving from the earlier BLAST-based approaches, many sophisticated bioinformatic tools are now available (table 1) for the identification of novel biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of a known biosynthetic class, ...
... metabolites encoded by the putative cryptic gene clusters (Medema and Fischbach 2015). Evolving from the earlier BLAST-based approaches, many sophisticated bioinformatic tools are now available (table 1) for the identification of novel biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of a known biosynthetic class, ...
Complex cocktails: the evolutionary novelty of venoms
... components are usually the most abundant. The composition and targeting of venom seemingly reflects its function, with defensive venoms, such as those from fishes or bees, being streamlined and highly conserved, with the primary action often being immediate, extreme localized pain [15– 17]. By contr ...
... components are usually the most abundant. The composition and targeting of venom seemingly reflects its function, with defensive venoms, such as those from fishes or bees, being streamlined and highly conserved, with the primary action often being immediate, extreme localized pain [15– 17]. By contr ...
A method for measuring the non-random bias of a codon usage table
... amino acid composition of typical proteins (5): some amino acids are used far more frequently than others. ...
... amino acid composition of typical proteins (5): some amino acids are used far more frequently than others. ...
Provitamin A Accumulation in Cassava (Manihot
... et al., 2000; Paine et al., 2005). A further barrier to breeding is sterility, such as in commercial banana (Musa spp) cultivars, or where breeding is complicated, as for some vegetatively propagated crops, such as potato (Solanum tuberosum). Cultivated potato suffers from serious inbreeding depress ...
... et al., 2000; Paine et al., 2005). A further barrier to breeding is sterility, such as in commercial banana (Musa spp) cultivars, or where breeding is complicated, as for some vegetatively propagated crops, such as potato (Solanum tuberosum). Cultivated potato suffers from serious inbreeding depress ...
Experimental Analysis of the Rice Mitochondrial
... proteins and the removal of contaminants by quantitative comparison of mitochondria prior to FFE separation, a refined rice mitochondrial data set of 322 proteins is presented. The expanded rice mitochondrial data set is comparable in size and complexity to the previously published Arabidopsis data ...
... proteins and the removal of contaminants by quantitative comparison of mitochondria prior to FFE separation, a refined rice mitochondrial data set of 322 proteins is presented. The expanded rice mitochondrial data set is comparable in size and complexity to the previously published Arabidopsis data ...
characterisation of novel proteins
... characterisation of the transferred genes, their origin, function and stability; changes at the DNA, protein and whole food levels; compositional analyses; evaluation of intended and unintended changes; and the potential for the newly expressed proteins to be either allergenic or toxic to humans. Hi ...
... characterisation of the transferred genes, their origin, function and stability; changes at the DNA, protein and whole food levels; compositional analyses; evaluation of intended and unintended changes; and the potential for the newly expressed proteins to be either allergenic or toxic to humans. Hi ...
Cloning and sequencing of a gene encoding acidophilic amylase
... fragment was cloned from a AgtlO gene bank of B. acidocaldarius chromosomal DNA by plaque hybridization. The oligonucleotide 371 (Table 1) was synthesized according to the deduced DNA sequence of one of the lysylendopeptidase-cleavedpeptides (Table 1, Fig. 2). It hybridized with six plaques out of 7 ...
... fragment was cloned from a AgtlO gene bank of B. acidocaldarius chromosomal DNA by plaque hybridization. The oligonucleotide 371 (Table 1) was synthesized according to the deduced DNA sequence of one of the lysylendopeptidase-cleavedpeptides (Table 1, Fig. 2). It hybridized with six plaques out of 7 ...
The Commercial Potential for Genetic Engineering in Alfalfa Mark
... (IP) licenses for commercialization. Transformation – alfalfa has been successfully transformed with both Agrobacterium vectors and with particle bombardment. In most cases Agrobacterium-mediated transformation yields a higher frequency of the desired simple, single copy insertions. Transformation o ...
... (IP) licenses for commercialization. Transformation – alfalfa has been successfully transformed with both Agrobacterium vectors and with particle bombardment. In most cases Agrobacterium-mediated transformation yields a higher frequency of the desired simple, single copy insertions. Transformation o ...
A Pneumocystis carinii multi-gene family with
... Four recombinant phage isolated from the cDNA library were partially characterized. The recombinant DNA was recovered from the 1 phage by in vivo excision as pBluescript plasmid DNA. The size of the recombinant DNA ranged from 2-7kb to 2.9 kb, and sequence analysis revealed that all four clones cont ...
... Four recombinant phage isolated from the cDNA library were partially characterized. The recombinant DNA was recovered from the 1 phage by in vivo excision as pBluescript plasmid DNA. The size of the recombinant DNA ranged from 2-7kb to 2.9 kb, and sequence analysis revealed that all four clones cont ...
Isolated Spinach Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate
... tion of protein bound lysyl residues have been restricted to site-directed mutational analysis of the methylation site in ...
... tion of protein bound lysyl residues have been restricted to site-directed mutational analysis of the methylation site in ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.