Word
... Mukherjee et al. 2011; Sang et al. 2011; Rueschhoff et al. 2013; Szydlowski et al. 2013), little is ...
... Mukherjee et al. 2011; Sang et al. 2011; Rueschhoff et al. 2013; Szydlowski et al. 2013), little is ...
Intro to Metabolism II and Glycolysis
... b. There are a number of cells that don’t have mitochondria at all (such as many cells of the eye). These cells cannot take the pyruvate from glycolysis through the CAC. c. Muscle cells under intense contraction are in an anaerobic environment and also cannot proceed through the CAC. Pyruvate then e ...
... b. There are a number of cells that don’t have mitochondria at all (such as many cells of the eye). These cells cannot take the pyruvate from glycolysis through the CAC. c. Muscle cells under intense contraction are in an anaerobic environment and also cannot proceed through the CAC. Pyruvate then e ...
Rhizopus Raw-Starch-Degrading Glucoamylase: Its
... descriptions of amino acids. Sail sites were created in pRGA39and pCGA239by in vitro mutagenesis (see Materials and Methods) resulting in pRGA39sand pCGA239s, respectively. pCGA439was constructed by recombination ofpRGA39s and pCGA239sat Hindlll and sail sites. The altered amino acid (D) was restore ...
... descriptions of amino acids. Sail sites were created in pRGA39and pCGA239by in vitro mutagenesis (see Materials and Methods) resulting in pRGA39sand pCGA239s, respectively. pCGA439was constructed by recombination ofpRGA39s and pCGA239sat Hindlll and sail sites. The altered amino acid (D) was restore ...
Higher Human Biology unit 1 section 5 ENZYMES
... there as more active sites become occupied by substrates. This is only until the point where all active sites are filled and so rate of reaction levels off. As there are no more enzymes to react with more substrates, enzyme concentration becomes the limiting factor. ...
... there as more active sites become occupied by substrates. This is only until the point where all active sites are filled and so rate of reaction levels off. As there are no more enzymes to react with more substrates, enzyme concentration becomes the limiting factor. ...
Coevolution of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase with its tRNA substrates
... In bacteria, the ND Bacillus subtilis GluRS has been extensively studied (9). Due to the lack of a canonical glutaminyltRNA synthetase (GlnRS) in this organism, the ND-GluRS is an essential enzyme in Gln-tRNA formation as it generates GlutRNAGln. This product is then converted to Gln-tRNAGln by Glu- ...
... In bacteria, the ND Bacillus subtilis GluRS has been extensively studied (9). Due to the lack of a canonical glutaminyltRNA synthetase (GlnRS) in this organism, the ND-GluRS is an essential enzyme in Gln-tRNA formation as it generates GlutRNAGln. This product is then converted to Gln-tRNAGln by Glu- ...
Human Ig heavy chain CDR3 regions in adult
... diversity is illustrated by the fact that this region forms the center of the antigen binding site and provides essential residues for antigen binding (2,3,18–22). Given the central location of the HCDR3 within the antigen-binding pocket, major changes in HCDR3 length, sequence and/or bulk are thoug ...
... diversity is illustrated by the fact that this region forms the center of the antigen binding site and provides essential residues for antigen binding (2,3,18–22). Given the central location of the HCDR3 within the antigen-binding pocket, major changes in HCDR3 length, sequence and/or bulk are thoug ...
CMBI
... – How do the proteins encoded in genomes interact with each other to produce cells and phenotypes ? – To predict such functional interactions between proteins as there exist e.g. in metabolic pathways, signalling pathways or protein complexes ...
... – How do the proteins encoded in genomes interact with each other to produce cells and phenotypes ? – To predict such functional interactions between proteins as there exist e.g. in metabolic pathways, signalling pathways or protein complexes ...
L - bioweb: molecular modelling group
... A paraphyletic group is one which includes only some descendents (e.g. a group comprising animals without humans would be paraphyletic) ...
... A paraphyletic group is one which includes only some descendents (e.g. a group comprising animals without humans would be paraphyletic) ...
A systems biology approach sheds new light on the regulation of
... The ability of E. coli to survive in extreme acid conditions is an important component of its physiology and it is potentially linked to pathogenesis. So far, efforts in understanding the molecular basis of acid resistance have focused on mechanisms related to proton scavenging. In my work I hypothe ...
... The ability of E. coli to survive in extreme acid conditions is an important component of its physiology and it is potentially linked to pathogenesis. So far, efforts in understanding the molecular basis of acid resistance have focused on mechanisms related to proton scavenging. In my work I hypothe ...
Coarse-Grained Modeling of ProteinDynamics
... Probably the most popular theoretical model which provides explanation of the chaperonin active role is the Iterative Annealing Model (IAM). In this model chaperonin promotes folding by unfolding the protein substrate from misfolding traps through its hydrophobic interactions with cage walls. Just v ...
... Probably the most popular theoretical model which provides explanation of the chaperonin active role is the Iterative Annealing Model (IAM). In this model chaperonin promotes folding by unfolding the protein substrate from misfolding traps through its hydrophobic interactions with cage walls. Just v ...
Flood adaptive traits and processes: an overview
... modulation that underpin adaptive traits and acclimation responses to waterlogging of root systems and submergence of aerial tissues. This includes insights into processes that enhance ventilation of submerged organs. At the intersection between metabolism and growth, submergence survival strategies ...
... modulation that underpin adaptive traits and acclimation responses to waterlogging of root systems and submergence of aerial tissues. This includes insights into processes that enhance ventilation of submerged organs. At the intersection between metabolism and growth, submergence survival strategies ...
Interdependence, Reflexivity, Fidelity, Impedance Matching
... By the time protein folding organizes amino acid side chains into a functional active site, genetic information has been irreversibly transformed. Any molecular machine charged with reversing translation by unfolding, then “reading” the sequence of a protein would require shuttling ...
... By the time protein folding organizes amino acid side chains into a functional active site, genetic information has been irreversibly transformed. Any molecular machine charged with reversing translation by unfolding, then “reading” the sequence of a protein would require shuttling ...
Interdependence, Reflexivity, Fidelity, Impedance Matching
... By the time protein folding organizes amino acid side chains into a functional active site, genetic information has been irreversibly transformed. Any molecular machine charged with reversing translation by unfolding, then “reading” the sequence of a protein would require shuttling ...
... By the time protein folding organizes amino acid side chains into a functional active site, genetic information has been irreversibly transformed. Any molecular machine charged with reversing translation by unfolding, then “reading” the sequence of a protein would require shuttling ...
Document
... Finding SNPs: HapMap Browser 1. HapMap data sets are useful because individual genotype data in deeply sampled populations can be used to determine optimal genotyping strategies (tagSNPs) or perform population genetic analyses (linkage disequilbrium) ...
... Finding SNPs: HapMap Browser 1. HapMap data sets are useful because individual genotype data in deeply sampled populations can be used to determine optimal genotyping strategies (tagSNPs) or perform population genetic analyses (linkage disequilbrium) ...
Identification of Both Shared and Distinct Proteins in the Major and
... spliceosome formation. In the major spliceosome, U1 and U2 bind to the pre-mRNA sequentially, whereas in the minor spliceosome U11 and U12 appear to bind as a preformed complex, implicating U11/U12 proteins in bridging the 5⬘ and 3⬘ ends of U12type introns (9). The identification of proteins shared ...
... spliceosome formation. In the major spliceosome, U1 and U2 bind to the pre-mRNA sequentially, whereas in the minor spliceosome U11 and U12 appear to bind as a preformed complex, implicating U11/U12 proteins in bridging the 5⬘ and 3⬘ ends of U12type introns (9). The identification of proteins shared ...
intact-protein based sample preparation strategies for
... National Cancer Institute (Emmert-Buck et al., 1996). It has been successfully used to isolate single cells within a tissue section (Emmert-Buck et al., 1996). Cells can be selected according to their phenotypic and functional characteristics. The major limitation of the LCM approach for proteomics ...
... National Cancer Institute (Emmert-Buck et al., 1996). It has been successfully used to isolate single cells within a tissue section (Emmert-Buck et al., 1996). Cells can be selected according to their phenotypic and functional characteristics. The major limitation of the LCM approach for proteomics ...
Metabolism of Xenobiotics
... acetylators and fast acetylators based on the rates of acetylatiol of the drug isoniazid. The slow acetylator phenotype is the result of polymorphisms in the NAT2 gene. Slow acetylators are predisposed to toxicity of drugs that are inactivated by acetylation such as isoniazid and dapsone. This enzym ...
... acetylators and fast acetylators based on the rates of acetylatiol of the drug isoniazid. The slow acetylator phenotype is the result of polymorphisms in the NAT2 gene. Slow acetylators are predisposed to toxicity of drugs that are inactivated by acetylation such as isoniazid and dapsone. This enzym ...
From waste products to ecochemicals: Fifty years research of plant
... turnover or degradation of secondary metabolites (Mothes, 1960). At that time it was also demonstrated that, for instance, alkaloids may be synthesized in the roots (e.g., nicotine in tobacco and hyoscyamine in Datura, Atropa and Hyoscyamus) or in the shoots (e.g., quinolizidine alkaloids in lupines ...
... turnover or degradation of secondary metabolites (Mothes, 1960). At that time it was also demonstrated that, for instance, alkaloids may be synthesized in the roots (e.g., nicotine in tobacco and hyoscyamine in Datura, Atropa and Hyoscyamus) or in the shoots (e.g., quinolizidine alkaloids in lupines ...
Clathrinmediated transport: assembly required
... or trunk, and a globular C-terminal region, or appendage, which are connected by an extended flexible linker (Fig 1). AP2 binds to clathrin through specific motifs located at the β2-hinge and appendage domains, whereas the α- and β2-appendage domains recruit alternative adaptors and regulatory prote ...
... or trunk, and a globular C-terminal region, or appendage, which are connected by an extended flexible linker (Fig 1). AP2 binds to clathrin through specific motifs located at the β2-hinge and appendage domains, whereas the α- and β2-appendage domains recruit alternative adaptors and regulatory prote ...
Expression Profiling of Fixed and Unfixed Tissue - Sigma
... producing a highly representative library from total or pre selected messenger RNA. Sample RNA including those isolated from human blood, cell culture, biopsy, or from non-human samples such as bacteria, plants and animals may serve as template. Accurate expression profiling can be done from nanogra ...
... producing a highly representative library from total or pre selected messenger RNA. Sample RNA including those isolated from human blood, cell culture, biopsy, or from non-human samples such as bacteria, plants and animals may serve as template. Accurate expression profiling can be done from nanogra ...
Epigenetic Changes in Foxp3 in Treg of Identical Twins Discordant
... mune system responses to exposure, there exists a research gap on upstream processes and the immunological regulators that are responsible for health outcomes in asthma and allergies. We plan to investigate this correlation with a specific focus on regulatory T cells (Treg) mediated by the Foxp3 pro ...
... mune system responses to exposure, there exists a research gap on upstream processes and the immunological regulators that are responsible for health outcomes in asthma and allergies. We plan to investigate this correlation with a specific focus on regulatory T cells (Treg) mediated by the Foxp3 pro ...
Journal of Biotechnology Evaluation of 13C isotopic tracers for
... and glutamine incorporation (through glutaminolysis or reductive carboxylation) makes it difficult to identify the optimal tracer for measuring all net and exchange fluxes within the network. Systems biology concerns itself with the acquisition, integration, and analysis of complex data sets. MFA was ...
... and glutamine incorporation (through glutaminolysis or reductive carboxylation) makes it difficult to identify the optimal tracer for measuring all net and exchange fluxes within the network. Systems biology concerns itself with the acquisition, integration, and analysis of complex data sets. MFA was ...
The Essential Nature of Sphingolipids in Plants as Revealed by the
... that has been shown to stimulate SPT activity severalfold, and disruption of this gene results in a 10-fold decrease in SPT activity in yeast (Gable et al., 2000). In this study, deletion of the TSC3 gene did not affect the ability of the coexpressed At LCB1/ At LCB2 to rescue the long-chain base au ...
... that has been shown to stimulate SPT activity severalfold, and disruption of this gene results in a 10-fold decrease in SPT activity in yeast (Gable et al., 2000). In this study, deletion of the TSC3 gene did not affect the ability of the coexpressed At LCB1/ At LCB2 to rescue the long-chain base au ...
Plant cuticles shine: advances in wax biosynthesis
... the abcg11 single mutant lines [34], indicating that the phenotypes were not additive, suggesting that these gene products may act in the same process or pathway. On the basis of this genetic evidence, and by analogy with the Drosophila eye pigment ABC transporters, a working model has been propose ...
... the abcg11 single mutant lines [34], indicating that the phenotypes were not additive, suggesting that these gene products may act in the same process or pathway. On the basis of this genetic evidence, and by analogy with the Drosophila eye pigment ABC transporters, a working model has been propose ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.