Discovery of genes in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) involved
... been well studied in mammalian systems there is little information on the function and metabolism of ceramide in invertebrates. Recently, Le Grand et al. (2011) discovered that ceramide-based phosphosphingolipids are an important component of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) hemocyte membranes. Gi ...
... been well studied in mammalian systems there is little information on the function and metabolism of ceramide in invertebrates. Recently, Le Grand et al. (2011) discovered that ceramide-based phosphosphingolipids are an important component of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) hemocyte membranes. Gi ...
Mitochondrial dynamics and the cell cycle
... in Arabidopsis during the cell cycle. During the G1/S stages of the cell cycle in the shoot apical meristem, there is one large mitochondria found at the end of the nucleus with additional small round shaped mitochondria in other parts of the cell. During the G2, the large and small mitochondria dou ...
... in Arabidopsis during the cell cycle. During the G1/S stages of the cell cycle in the shoot apical meristem, there is one large mitochondria found at the end of the nucleus with additional small round shaped mitochondria in other parts of the cell. During the G2, the large and small mitochondria dou ...
O - VCU
... • Specific example • Attempt to resolve • Optional rant • Specific request • Polite closing ...
... • Specific example • Attempt to resolve • Optional rant • Specific request • Polite closing ...
mTORC1 Activates SREBP-1c and Uncouples Lipogenesis From Gluconeogenesis Please share
... by inducing the sterol and regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor that controls the expression of genes required for cholesterol, fatty acids, triglycerides, and phospholipids synthesis (6). Insulin activates SREBP-1c by two mechawww.pnas.org/ ...
... by inducing the sterol and regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor that controls the expression of genes required for cholesterol, fatty acids, triglycerides, and phospholipids synthesis (6). Insulin activates SREBP-1c by two mechawww.pnas.org/ ...
Database searching
... Building a Profile HMM Multiple alignment is used to construct the HMM model. Assign each column to a Match state in HMM. Add Insertion and Deletion state. Estimate the emission probabilities according to amino acid counts in column. Different positions in the protein will have different emis ...
... Building a Profile HMM Multiple alignment is used to construct the HMM model. Assign each column to a Match state in HMM. Add Insertion and Deletion state. Estimate the emission probabilities according to amino acid counts in column. Different positions in the protein will have different emis ...
Alpha and beta subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1
... within a clade composed exclusively of eukaryotic mitochondrial PDH genes (with bootstrap support between 70 and 97%), which is itself related to the alpha-proteobacterial PDH clade (bootstrap support between 95 and 100%). This position for the microsporidian sequence is exactly what one would expec ...
... within a clade composed exclusively of eukaryotic mitochondrial PDH genes (with bootstrap support between 70 and 97%), which is itself related to the alpha-proteobacterial PDH clade (bootstrap support between 95 and 100%). This position for the microsporidian sequence is exactly what one would expec ...
Engineering Cytosolic Acetyl-CoA Metabolism in Saccharomyces
... acid, to small volume fermentation product of several pharmaceuticals, like human insulin [3, 4]. With the requirements for sustainable solutions to provide fuels, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, now there is increasing focus on cell factories, as they may serve as one of the pillars underlying a sus ...
... acid, to small volume fermentation product of several pharmaceuticals, like human insulin [3, 4]. With the requirements for sustainable solutions to provide fuels, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, now there is increasing focus on cell factories, as they may serve as one of the pillars underlying a sus ...
Isolation of Vibrio harveyi Acyl Carrier Protein and the fabG, acpP
... protein 78% identical to E. coli 3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase (21); acpP (nucleotides 1282 to 1512; see below); and fabF (nucleotides 1609 to 2853), encoding a 43.1-kDa protein 76% identical to E. coli 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II. The latter protein was originally reported as 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase IV, ...
... protein 78% identical to E. coli 3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase (21); acpP (nucleotides 1282 to 1512; see below); and fabF (nucleotides 1609 to 2853), encoding a 43.1-kDa protein 76% identical to E. coli 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II. The latter protein was originally reported as 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase IV, ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
... the problems with oxygen gradients encountered in voluminous aerobic fermentations. High cell densities required for the production of heterologous proteins may lead to gradients in the oxygen concentration as a result of imperfect mixing. In general, full levels of oxygenation are almost impossible ...
... the problems with oxygen gradients encountered in voluminous aerobic fermentations. High cell densities required for the production of heterologous proteins may lead to gradients in the oxygen concentration as a result of imperfect mixing. In general, full levels of oxygenation are almost impossible ...
Plasmid replication and control
... The number of copies of a plasmid in each cell is tightly controlled with a general rule that small plasmids tend to have a high copy number, sometimes over 100 copies per cell, whereas larger plasmids may be present in one or a few copies per cell. Certain classes of plasmids are capable of horizon ...
... The number of copies of a plasmid in each cell is tightly controlled with a general rule that small plasmids tend to have a high copy number, sometimes over 100 copies per cell, whereas larger plasmids may be present in one or a few copies per cell. Certain classes of plasmids are capable of horizon ...
The Ethylene Signal Transduction Pathway in Plants
... ACC oxidase is constitutively present in most tissues, but its synthesis is increased during fruit ripening in tomato. The genes that encode A C C synthase and A C C oxidase have been cloned and characterized from many plant species (5, 6). A C C synthase is encoded by multigene families in all spec ...
... ACC oxidase is constitutively present in most tissues, but its synthesis is increased during fruit ripening in tomato. The genes that encode A C C synthase and A C C oxidase have been cloned and characterized from many plant species (5, 6). A C C synthase is encoded by multigene families in all spec ...
A metabolic link to skeletal muscle wasting and regeneration
... 2008; Russell et al., 2013). Furthermore, the importance of cellular metabolism in the regulation of skeletal muscle stem cells is beginning to receive significant attention (Ryall, 2013). Thus, it is clear that skeletal muscle metabolism is intricately linked to the regulation of skeletal muscle ma ...
... 2008; Russell et al., 2013). Furthermore, the importance of cellular metabolism in the regulation of skeletal muscle stem cells is beginning to receive significant attention (Ryall, 2013). Thus, it is clear that skeletal muscle metabolism is intricately linked to the regulation of skeletal muscle ma ...
Tissue-specific expression of AUX1 in maize roots
... auxin distribution in the maize primary root is still unclear. This is because the pattern of ZmAUX1 in situ signals (Fig. 3) and the distribution of auxin (see Fig. 3 in Kerk and Feldman 1995) do not completely overlap. Besides the root system, ZmAUX1 expression was also observed in mesocotyls and ...
... auxin distribution in the maize primary root is still unclear. This is because the pattern of ZmAUX1 in situ signals (Fig. 3) and the distribution of auxin (see Fig. 3 in Kerk and Feldman 1995) do not completely overlap. Besides the root system, ZmAUX1 expression was also observed in mesocotyls and ...
Enzymes II: Regulation
... metabolic pathway accumulates in excess of its steadystate level, it can slow down or turn off the metabolic pathway by binding to the inhibitory site of the regulatory enzyme of the pathway. As the concentration of the end product (inhibitor) decreases below the steady-state level, the number of en ...
... metabolic pathway accumulates in excess of its steadystate level, it can slow down or turn off the metabolic pathway by binding to the inhibitory site of the regulatory enzyme of the pathway. As the concentration of the end product (inhibitor) decreases below the steady-state level, the number of en ...
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... Since glycogen molecules can become enormously large, an inability to degrade glycogen can cause cells to become pathologically engorged; it can also lead to the functional loss of glycogen as a source of cell energy and as a blood glucose buffer. Although glycogen storage diseases are quite rare, t ...
... Since glycogen molecules can become enormously large, an inability to degrade glycogen can cause cells to become pathologically engorged; it can also lead to the functional loss of glycogen as a source of cell energy and as a blood glucose buffer. Although glycogen storage diseases are quite rare, t ...
0 - Microbiology
... another family of bacteria, the Enterobacteriaceae. Recombination by conjugation and transduction The relationship between genetic constitution and biochemical function had emerged from the combination of biochemical and genetical analysis that Beadle & Tatum (1941) had so successfully employed with ...
... another family of bacteria, the Enterobacteriaceae. Recombination by conjugation and transduction The relationship between genetic constitution and biochemical function had emerged from the combination of biochemical and genetical analysis that Beadle & Tatum (1941) had so successfully employed with ...
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... construction of the embryo/larva. In enteropneusts and echinoderms, endomesodermal set-aside cells produce the tripartite coeloms from which the mesodermal components of the adult body plan arise. These are the anterior coelom or protocoel, paired middle coeloms or mesocoels and paired posterior coe ...
... construction of the embryo/larva. In enteropneusts and echinoderms, endomesodermal set-aside cells produce the tripartite coeloms from which the mesodermal components of the adult body plan arise. These are the anterior coelom or protocoel, paired middle coeloms or mesocoels and paired posterior coe ...
Histone Deacetylase 4 Antibody
... members, HDAC-1, 2, 3, and 8, each of which contains a deacetylase domain exhibiting from 45 to 93% identity in amino acid sequence. Class II of the HDAC family comprises HDAC-4, 5, 6, and 7, the molecular weights of which are all about twofold larger than those of the class I members, and the deace ...
... members, HDAC-1, 2, 3, and 8, each of which contains a deacetylase domain exhibiting from 45 to 93% identity in amino acid sequence. Class II of the HDAC family comprises HDAC-4, 5, 6, and 7, the molecular weights of which are all about twofold larger than those of the class I members, and the deace ...
Cloning, Purification, and Partial Characterization of the
... The Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 MCM gene was amplified using PCR from genomic DNA (kindly provided by Brian Berquist). The PCR reaction was performed with 100 ng genomic DNA, 200 M dNTPs, 5 units of OptimaseTM polymerase (Transgenomic), 1 x Optimase reaction buffer, 1.5 mM MgSO4, 10% DMSO and 0.4 M of ...
... The Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 MCM gene was amplified using PCR from genomic DNA (kindly provided by Brian Berquist). The PCR reaction was performed with 100 ng genomic DNA, 200 M dNTPs, 5 units of OptimaseTM polymerase (Transgenomic), 1 x Optimase reaction buffer, 1.5 mM MgSO4, 10% DMSO and 0.4 M of ...
Article Fitness Trade-Offs Determine the Role of the Molecular
... Evidence that mutational buffering is enhanced in certain organisms (e.g., endosymbiotic bacteria) but not others (e.g., free-living bacteria) suggests that a cost is associated with increasing the activity responsible of the buffering. In this study we have conducted experiments of laboratory evolu ...
... Evidence that mutational buffering is enhanced in certain organisms (e.g., endosymbiotic bacteria) but not others (e.g., free-living bacteria) suggests that a cost is associated with increasing the activity responsible of the buffering. In this study we have conducted experiments of laboratory evolu ...
Metabolic processes of Methanococcus maripaludis and potential
... hydrogenotrophic methanogens. It has the ability to convert CO2 and H2 into a useful cleaner energy fuel (CH4). In fact, this conversion enhances in the presence of free nitrogen as the sole nitrogen source due to prolonged cell growth. Given the global importance of GHG emissions and climate change ...
... hydrogenotrophic methanogens. It has the ability to convert CO2 and H2 into a useful cleaner energy fuel (CH4). In fact, this conversion enhances in the presence of free nitrogen as the sole nitrogen source due to prolonged cell growth. Given the global importance of GHG emissions and climate change ...
I Have a Dream: Organic Movements Include Gene Manipulation to
... Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), the international umbrella organization of the organic world. In their norms for organic production and processing [8], IFOAM gives the following definition: “Genetic Engineering is a set of techniques from molecular biology (such as recombinant DNA) by which ...
... Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), the international umbrella organization of the organic world. In their norms for organic production and processing [8], IFOAM gives the following definition: “Genetic Engineering is a set of techniques from molecular biology (such as recombinant DNA) by which ...
The polymorphism in MUC1 gene in Nelore cattle
... MUC1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on the apical surfaces of the uterine epithelial tissue with predicted functions in protection and cell–cell adhesion. These properties are closely related with the repetitive region [variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR)] of the extracellullar domai ...
... MUC1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on the apical surfaces of the uterine epithelial tissue with predicted functions in protection and cell–cell adhesion. These properties are closely related with the repetitive region [variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR)] of the extracellullar domai ...
Analysis of a ribose transport operon from Bacillus
... The csa-15 locus of Bacillus subtilis corresponds to an operon encoding proteins which display features characteristic of the ABC group of transporters. Sequence analysis reveals a very high level of identity to the ribose transport operon of Escherichia coli. This hypothesis is supported by the obs ...
... The csa-15 locus of Bacillus subtilis corresponds to an operon encoding proteins which display features characteristic of the ABC group of transporters. Sequence analysis reveals a very high level of identity to the ribose transport operon of Escherichia coli. This hypothesis is supported by the obs ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.