Matricellular Protein Cyr61 Bridges Lysophosphatidic Acid and
... removal of the cellular components was extracted by scraping at 90 °C in 1⫻ Laemmli sample buffer (60 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 2% SDS, 5% -mercaptoethanol, 5% glycerol). These fractions were designated as ECM as described previously (20). Cell Migration Assay—Cell migration was performed by trypsinizin ...
... removal of the cellular components was extracted by scraping at 90 °C in 1⫻ Laemmli sample buffer (60 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 2% SDS, 5% -mercaptoethanol, 5% glycerol). These fractions were designated as ECM as described previously (20). Cell Migration Assay—Cell migration was performed by trypsinizin ...
Rapamycin increases mitochondrial efficiency by mtDNA
... OXPHOS. Levels of ROS are tightly regulated as ROS serve as a secondary messenger to ...
... OXPHOS. Levels of ROS are tightly regulated as ROS serve as a secondary messenger to ...
Modulation of glucokinase by glucose, small
... demonstrate a landscape of conformations available between the extremes of the forms super-open and closed the forms as well as the existence of a GK–GKA complex in the absence of glucose [22]. Therefore both kinetic and structural studies support the hypothesis that multiple interconverting conform ...
... demonstrate a landscape of conformations available between the extremes of the forms super-open and closed the forms as well as the existence of a GK–GKA complex in the absence of glucose [22]. Therefore both kinetic and structural studies support the hypothesis that multiple interconverting conform ...
Nucleic acid vaccines against rickettsial diseases and methods of use
... USAID Grant No. LAG-1328-G-00-3030-00. The govern ...
... USAID Grant No. LAG-1328-G-00-3030-00. The govern ...
The Plant Cell
... coli resistance to a group of antimicrobial agents that are similar to but not overlapping with those to which NorM confers resistance. The significant reduction in norfloxacin accumulation in E. coli cells attributed to NorM expression can be eliminated rapidly by dissipation of the proton gradient ...
... coli resistance to a group of antimicrobial agents that are similar to but not overlapping with those to which NorM confers resistance. The significant reduction in norfloxacin accumulation in E. coli cells attributed to NorM expression can be eliminated rapidly by dissipation of the proton gradient ...
The metabolic basis of Candida albicans
... Fig. 1. Signal transduction pathways and transcriptional regulators that affect the filamentous growth of C. albicans and the effect of farnesol on some of these pathways. In response to filamentous-inducing conditions, GTPases (Gpa2p, Ras1p, and Cdc42p) activate two well-characterized signaling pathw ...
... Fig. 1. Signal transduction pathways and transcriptional regulators that affect the filamentous growth of C. albicans and the effect of farnesol on some of these pathways. In response to filamentous-inducing conditions, GTPases (Gpa2p, Ras1p, and Cdc42p) activate two well-characterized signaling pathw ...
The shikimate pathway in apicomplexan parasites: Implications for
... Biosynthetic type II dehydroquinases are present in bacterial pathogens such as M. tuberculosis and Helicobacter pylori. On the other hand, catabolic type II dehydroquinases, enabling the use of quinic acid as carbon source for the formation of protocatechuate, are found in many fungal species (see ...
... Biosynthetic type II dehydroquinases are present in bacterial pathogens such as M. tuberculosis and Helicobacter pylori. On the other hand, catabolic type II dehydroquinases, enabling the use of quinic acid as carbon source for the formation of protocatechuate, are found in many fungal species (see ...
endoglucanase in cellulose biosynthesis is not very clear
... similarity between the bacterial and the plant cellulose synthase genes. Instead, the plant gene was identified by sequencing random cDNAs from a cotton fiber library and analyzing the derived amino acid sequences for presence of the conserved features identified in the bacterial cellulose synthase ...
... similarity between the bacterial and the plant cellulose synthase genes. Instead, the plant gene was identified by sequencing random cDNAs from a cotton fiber library and analyzing the derived amino acid sequences for presence of the conserved features identified in the bacterial cellulose synthase ...
MPN+, a putative catalytic motif found in a subset of MPN domain
... 1). These proteins are the shortest MPN protein identified so far and most likely correspond to the structural core region of the domain. Since the finding of prokaryotic MPN proteins was highly unexpected, the validity of the assignment was confirmed by profile searches starting from the bacterioph ...
... 1). These proteins are the shortest MPN protein identified so far and most likely correspond to the structural core region of the domain. Since the finding of prokaryotic MPN proteins was highly unexpected, the validity of the assignment was confirmed by profile searches starting from the bacterioph ...
Membrane transporters in a human genome
... and includes more than 370 additional transport and exchange reactions/systems. These global reconstructions do not represent the metabolic capability of a single cell or tissue but rather are blueprints for all human cells. This reconstruction is analogous to the human genome, which encodes all of ...
... and includes more than 370 additional transport and exchange reactions/systems. These global reconstructions do not represent the metabolic capability of a single cell or tissue but rather are blueprints for all human cells. This reconstruction is analogous to the human genome, which encodes all of ...
- Wiley Online Library
... in excitation–contraction coupling enabling Ca2+ release. Ca2+ then activates contractile proteins supporting actin and myosin cross-bridge cycling. Force generated by cross-bridges is transmitted via cytoskeletal proteins through the sarcolemma and out to critical proteins that support the muscle e ...
... in excitation–contraction coupling enabling Ca2+ release. Ca2+ then activates contractile proteins supporting actin and myosin cross-bridge cycling. Force generated by cross-bridges is transmitted via cytoskeletal proteins through the sarcolemma and out to critical proteins that support the muscle e ...
Fungal denitrification and nitric oxide reductase cytochrome P450nor
... The nitrogen cycle performed by micro-organisms comprises three processes; nitrogen fixation, nitrification and denitrification. The cycle is very important for life and global environment, providing nitrogen to life as nutrition and maintaining homeostasis of the Earth. Denitrification is the rever ...
... The nitrogen cycle performed by micro-organisms comprises three processes; nitrogen fixation, nitrification and denitrification. The cycle is very important for life and global environment, providing nitrogen to life as nutrition and maintaining homeostasis of the Earth. Denitrification is the rever ...
A role for interleukin-1 in epidermal differentiation
... (Kupper et al., 1988), although induction of terminal differentiation by addition of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increased the level of IL-1 receptors up to 24-fold (Blanton et al., 1989). Although the epidermis contains very high levels of IL-1, the function of this cytokine in the skin i ...
... (Kupper et al., 1988), although induction of terminal differentiation by addition of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increased the level of IL-1 receptors up to 24-fold (Blanton et al., 1989). Although the epidermis contains very high levels of IL-1, the function of this cytokine in the skin i ...
Organization and Integration of Large
... 1999, Oshry, 2007]. Thus, probably the greatest challenge within systems biology is the understanding and computational simulation of a complete organism. Despite the technological advances on the field of experimental methods and computational analysis tools, understanding of a multicellular organi ...
... 1999, Oshry, 2007]. Thus, probably the greatest challenge within systems biology is the understanding and computational simulation of a complete organism. Despite the technological advances on the field of experimental methods and computational analysis tools, understanding of a multicellular organi ...
Organization and Integration of Large-scale Datasets for
... 1999, Oshry, 2007]. Thus, probably the greatest challenge within systems biology is the understanding and computational simulation of a complete organism. Despite the technological advances on the field of experimental methods and computational analysis tools, understanding of a multicellular organi ...
... 1999, Oshry, 2007]. Thus, probably the greatest challenge within systems biology is the understanding and computational simulation of a complete organism. Despite the technological advances on the field of experimental methods and computational analysis tools, understanding of a multicellular organi ...
Synonymous codon usage patterns in different parasitic
... Most amino acids are encoded by multiple codons. In most cases, the synonymous codons are not used randomly in different genomes (Grantham et al., 1980; Lloyd and Sharp, 1992). Furthermore, the pattern of codon usage can vary considerably among organisms, and also among genes from the same genome. C ...
... Most amino acids are encoded by multiple codons. In most cases, the synonymous codons are not used randomly in different genomes (Grantham et al., 1980; Lloyd and Sharp, 1992). Furthermore, the pattern of codon usage can vary considerably among organisms, and also among genes from the same genome. C ...
A New Cell Secreting Insulin
... of zebrafish insulin cDNA clone present in pBluescript vector (gift from Dr. Stephen J. Duguay, Chicago, IL), and 1.3-kb BamHI-NotI fragment of rat flotillin cDNA clone present in pZero-2 vector (gift from Dr. Perry Bickel, St. Louis, MO). Prehybridization was allowed for 2 h in the buffer containin ...
... of zebrafish insulin cDNA clone present in pBluescript vector (gift from Dr. Stephen J. Duguay, Chicago, IL), and 1.3-kb BamHI-NotI fragment of rat flotillin cDNA clone present in pZero-2 vector (gift from Dr. Perry Bickel, St. Louis, MO). Prehybridization was allowed for 2 h in the buffer containin ...
PDF - Geoff McFadden`s Lab
... networks reconstructed from the list of apicoplast proteins that have been predicted using bioinformatics. These networks bring into focus a number of pathways that are not found in the vertebrate host of the parasite, and provide insights into apicoplast function. Here, we present an integrated in ...
... networks reconstructed from the list of apicoplast proteins that have been predicted using bioinformatics. These networks bring into focus a number of pathways that are not found in the vertebrate host of the parasite, and provide insights into apicoplast function. Here, we present an integrated in ...
SOD is an enzyme with four different types of metal
... SOD is a ubiquitous enzyme discovered by Irwin Fridovich and Joe McCord in 1969. Irwin Fridovich and his student, Joe McCord, made the landmark discovery of the SOD enzyme in 1968. They had developed the "superoxide theory of oxygen toxicity" which states the superoxide radical inflicts major damage ...
... SOD is a ubiquitous enzyme discovered by Irwin Fridovich and Joe McCord in 1969. Irwin Fridovich and his student, Joe McCord, made the landmark discovery of the SOD enzyme in 1968. They had developed the "superoxide theory of oxygen toxicity" which states the superoxide radical inflicts major damage ...
9th Grade Physical Science Course Syllabus
... Describe the affect of temperature and pH and concentration of substrate on enzymes. Describe the factors that affect enzyme activity. Explain allosteric regulation of enzymes. ...
... Describe the affect of temperature and pH and concentration of substrate on enzymes. Describe the factors that affect enzyme activity. Explain allosteric regulation of enzymes. ...
Glutamate Dehydrogenases: Enzymology, Physiological
... biosynthetic, aminating direction, or in the catabolic, deaminating direction. The actual physiological reaction of each GDH depends on several factors, as the kinetic constants of the enzyme for its different substrates or the environment where the cell is developed may widely vary. In general, NAD ...
... biosynthetic, aminating direction, or in the catabolic, deaminating direction. The actual physiological reaction of each GDH depends on several factors, as the kinetic constants of the enzyme for its different substrates or the environment where the cell is developed may widely vary. In general, NAD ...
Characterization of the chimeric seven
... The artificial purified CFR variants were titrated to determine the pKa of the major spectral transition corresponding to the deprotonation of the Schiff base counterion, and only a major pKa is shown in Table 2. The titration of each rhodopsin did not fit well to a single pKa, presenting major and ...
... The artificial purified CFR variants were titrated to determine the pKa of the major spectral transition corresponding to the deprotonation of the Schiff base counterion, and only a major pKa is shown in Table 2. The titration of each rhodopsin did not fit well to a single pKa, presenting major and ...
SURVEY AND SUMMARY A profusion of upstream open reading
... are in contrast to those uORFs whose coding sequence identity is immaterial—the degree of influence of this category is wholly dependent on the efficiency of their translation initiation. Occasionally, uORFs have regulatory functions. Either, or both uORF initiation and stalling, efficiencies may be affec ...
... are in contrast to those uORFs whose coding sequence identity is immaterial—the degree of influence of this category is wholly dependent on the efficiency of their translation initiation. Occasionally, uORFs have regulatory functions. Either, or both uORF initiation and stalling, efficiencies may be affec ...
Was photosynthetic RuBisCO recruited by
... operon [32]. These operons have S-box riboswitches that regulate the expression of the genes involved in sulfur metabolism in B. subtilis [27]. In these operons, MtnD is highly homologous to the 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene dioxygenase and MtnK was identified as the methylthioribose kina ...
... operon [32]. These operons have S-box riboswitches that regulate the expression of the genes involved in sulfur metabolism in B. subtilis [27]. In these operons, MtnD is highly homologous to the 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene dioxygenase and MtnK was identified as the methylthioribose kina ...
using polymerase chain reaction for detection of enterotoxigenic
... Cholera has been one of the most feared diseases for human. It was recognized that two biotypes were agglutinated by a single antiserum designated O1 in the 1930s. Other strains of Vibrio cholerae do not react with this antiserum and are termed non-agglutinatable, or more correctly nonO1 strains. So ...
... Cholera has been one of the most feared diseases for human. It was recognized that two biotypes were agglutinated by a single antiserum designated O1 in the 1930s. Other strains of Vibrio cholerae do not react with this antiserum and are termed non-agglutinatable, or more correctly nonO1 strains. So ...
Gene regulatory network
A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.