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PKU
PKU

... blood phe levels between 2-6 mg/dl for the whole pregnancy. This is hard work for the mother-to-be. She has to follow her diet exactly. But the results are worth it--a healthy baby. Babies whose mothers have phe levels greater than 6 mg/dl may have babies with severe problems. The babies are born sm ...
Functional genomics analysis of the effects of co- decarboxylase/ornithine decarboxylase
Functional genomics analysis of the effects of co- decarboxylase/ornithine decarboxylase

... PfAdoMetDC/ODC with DFMO and MDL73811. The physiological effects during the resulting cytostasis were studied with a comprehensive functional genomics approach. The study was preceded by various assays to determine the treatment dosage that would result in complete cytostasis, without non-specific c ...
principles of metabolic regulation: glucose and glycogen
principles of metabolic regulation: glucose and glycogen

... play discrete roles in the cell’s economy, no such separation exists inside the cell. Rather, each of the pathways we discuss in this book is inextricably intertwined with all the other cellular pathways in a multidimensional network of reactions (Fig. 15–1). For example, in Chapter 14 we discussed ...
Major players on the microbial stage: why archaea
Major players on the microbial stage: why archaea

... fusion event with a bacterium, with the archaeal endosymbiont later developing into a nucleus, although the archaeal and bacterial partners in the event have varied (Forterre, 2010). Most recently, the archaeal partner has been suggested to be a member of the Thaumarchaeota, since these organisms po ...
Beta-Cell Function and Failure in Type 1 Diabetes
Beta-Cell Function and Failure in Type 1 Diabetes

... mitochondrial diabetes, where mutations in mitochondrial DNA cause pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction (Maechler, P. & Wollheim, C.B. 2001). Besides rendering the initial increase of ATP/ADP ratio, mitochondrial metabolism and anaplerotic metabolites are also involved in sustaining second phase insulin ...
Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors - buleria
Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors - buleria

... ­ Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors: Their Uses as Potential Herbicides and  as  Tools  in  Cellulose  and  Cell  Wall  Structural  Plasticity  Research.  En  “Cellulose:  Structure  and  Properties,  Derivatives  and  Industrial  Uses”  (A.  ...
General principles of cellular organization in the genome
General principles of cellular organization in the genome

... structural models for 484 proteins, single particle EM and cellular electron tomograms provided supporting structural details for this proteome organization. To understand basic principles of bacterial metabolism and its regulation, a manually curated metabolic network of 129 enzymes catalyzing 189 ...
Liver glucose metabolism in humans
Liver glucose metabolism in humans

... Fructose taken up by hepatocytes may be converted into either fructose 6-phosphate by hexokinase isoenzymes or fructose 1phosphate by fructokinase [16]. The two initial products of hepatic fructose metabolism have opposite effects on the glucokinase regulatory protein. Glucokinase activators have be ...
Bacterial methionine biosynthesis
Bacterial methionine biosynthesis

... the specificity-determining position, suggesting that they are O-acetyltransferases. Only 20 % of the enzymes are predicted to be O-succinyltransferases (with glycine instead of glutamate), while the remainder have neither glutamate nor glycine at the specificity-determining position. Furthermore, t ...
Queuosine formation in eukaryotic tRNA occurs via a mitochondria
Queuosine formation in eukaryotic tRNA occurs via a mitochondria

... E. coli and Z. mobilis TGT enzymes are monomeric in solution (14), at high protein concentrations the E. coli enzyme can oligomerise (15) and structural data from the Z. mobilis TGT has shown the formation of a 2:1 complex with tRNA; a possible functional requirement for catalysis (10). In contrast ...
Malic acid production by Aspergillus oryzae
Malic acid production by Aspergillus oryzae

... industry as it combines a pleasant taste with low toxicity and palatability. It serves several functions in the food formulation, like sterilization, flavor fixation and enhancement, bacterial stabilization, and standardization of acid levels. Furthermore it can be used as a chelating agent as it ef ...
Osmo- and thermo-adaptation in hyperthermophilic Archaea
Osmo- and thermo-adaptation in hyperthermophilic Archaea

... isolated from a variety of hot environments, most species originate from marine geothermal areas, hence they are slightly halophilic. The accumulation of low-molecular mass organic solutes, i. e., compatible solutes, is one of the most common strategies developed by cells to cope with fluctuations o ...
Spring 2005 - AT Children`s Project
Spring 2005 - AT Children`s Project

... The Queensland Institute of Medical Research in Australia, with funding from the A-T Children’s Project, are working together to make another rodent model of A-T using the rat, which may possess neurological abnormalities similar to those seen in patients. For years mice have been genetically manipu ...
Roles of the Methylcitrate and Methylmalonyl
Roles of the Methylcitrate and Methylmalonyl

... 1.4.2 Accumulation of propionate-derived metabolites ...................................... 100 1.4.3 Mechanism of inhibition ................................................................................ 101 - Inhibition of pantothenic acid synthesis .............................................. ...
Liver glucose metabolism in humans
Liver glucose metabolism in humans

... glycosylation. A second pathway of glucose 6-phosphate metabolism is the formation of fructose 6phosphate, which may either start the hexosamine pathway to produce UDP-N-acetylglucosamine or follow the glycolytic pathway to generate pyruvate and then acetyl-coA. Acetyl-coA may enter the tricarboxyli ...
A motif and amino acid bias bioinformatics
A motif and amino acid bias bioinformatics

... PTMs on the structural, steric and electrostatic properties can result in IDPs having multiple binding ...
METABOLIC CUES AND REGULATORY PROTEINS
METABOLIC CUES AND REGULATORY PROTEINS

... phases: a non-infectious, replicative form required for intracellular growth and an infectious, transmissive form that enhances survival in the extracellular milieu. In this thesis, I identify metabolites that cue L. pneumophila differentiation and analyze several proteins that enable the bacterium ...
Membrane transporters in a human genome-scale
Membrane transporters in a human genome-scale

... In addition, Recon 1 includes a representation of the extracellular space to account for the exchanges and transport systems connecting the extracellular space to the cytoplasm. The most recent community driven global reconstruction of human metabolism, Recon 2 (Thiele et al., 2013), is a substantia ...
Application of Synthetic Biology for Biopolymer
Application of Synthetic Biology for Biopolymer

... Aiming at reducing the cost of xylose-based processes other improvements were investigated. Modified S. cerevisiae strains consume xylose when oxygen is available; however, their performance is not optimal anaerobic conditions. As pumping air into bioreactors is expensive, one of our goals was to im ...
BACILLUS SPHAERICUS TOXINS: Molecular Biology and Mode of
BACILLUS SPHAERICUS TOXINS: Molecular Biology and Mode of

... contain active strains. Such as numerical classification based on taxonomy of phenotypic features (2, 45), cellular fatty acid composition analysis (43) ribotyping (3) and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (80)are recently developed techniques, indicate most toxic strains are recovered in a ...
The antagonistic pleiotropy model
The antagonistic pleiotropy model

... In a sample of 26 species of mammals, most do not show signs of senescence until after the age of maturity. Both the x-axis and the y-axis are measured on a log scale. The solid line represents the points at which age of maturity and senescence occur at the same time. Points above the line indicate ...
Diversity and origins of anaerobic metabolism in mitochondria and
Diversity and origins of anaerobic metabolism in mitochondria and

... anaerobic ATP generation. First, we summarize what is known about the MROs of each of the eukaryote lineages (figures 2 and 3) that underwent modifications of their aerobic mitochondria to function in low oxygen conditions. Then, we provide plausible scenarios by which the anaerobic energy metabolic ...
Chapter 2 Chemical Composition and Structure of
Chapter 2 Chemical Composition and Structure of

... In the process of cell growth, the primary wall is formed from some protoplast secretions. The main components of the primary cell wall are polysaccharides, proteins (such as the expansins), and many other enzymes, glycoproteins, and some ions (such as calcium). Main polysaccharides of primary walls ...
pdf
pdf

... The gammaproteobacterium Nitrosococcus oceani (ATCC 19707) is a gram-negative obligate chemolithoautotroph capable of extracting energy and reducing power from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. Sequencing and annotation of the genome revealed a single circular chromosome (3,481,691 bp; GⴙC conten ...
Wax ester biosynthetic pathway - Iowa State University Digital
Wax ester biosynthetic pathway - Iowa State University Digital

... wax esters, wax synthases and the significances of wax biosynthetic pathway research. The purpose of this chapter is to do a literature review on wax biosynthesis pathway research. Chapter II describes wax synthase characterization in a yeast heterologous expression system. In this chapter, I constr ...
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Gene regulatory network



A gene regulatory network or genetic regulatory network (GRN) is a collection of regulators thatinteract with each other and with other substances in the cell to govern the gene expression levels of mRNA and proteins.The regulator can be DNA, RNA, protein and their complex. The interaction can be direct or indirect (through their transcribed RNA or translated protein).In general, each mRNA molecule goes on to make a specific protein (or set of proteins). In some cases this protein will be structural, and will accumulate at the cell membrane or within the cell to give it particular structural properties. In other cases the protein will be an enzyme, i.e., a micro-machine that catalyses a certain reaction, such as the breakdown of a food source or toxin. Some proteins though serve only to activate other genes, and these are the transcription factors that are the main players in regulatory networks or cascades. By binding to the promoter region at the start of other genes they turn them on, initiating the production of another protein, and so on. Some transcription factors are inhibitory.In single-celled organisms, regulatory networks respond to the external environment, optimising the cell at a given time for survival in this environment. Thus a yeast cell, finding itself in a sugar solution, will turn on genes to make enzymes that process the sugar to alcohol. This process, which we associate with wine-making, is how the yeast cell makes its living, gaining energy to multiply, which under normal circumstances would enhance its survival prospects.In multicellular animals the same principle has been put in the service of gene cascades that control body-shape. Each time a cell divides, two cells result which, although they contain the same genome in full, can differ in which genes are turned on and making proteins. Sometimes a 'self-sustaining feedback loop' ensures that a cell maintains its identity and passes it on. Less understood is the mechanism of epigenetics by which chromatin modification may provide cellular memory by blocking or allowing transcription. A major feature of multicellular animals is the use of morphogen gradients, which in effect provide a positioning system that tells a cell where in the body it is, and hence what sort of cell to become. A gene that is turned on in one cell may make a product that leaves the cell and diffuses through adjacent cells, entering them and turning on genes only when it is present above a certain threshold level. These cells are thus induced into a new fate, and may even generate other morphogens that signal back to the original cell. Over longer distances morphogens may use the active process of signal transduction. Such signalling controls embryogenesis, the building of a body plan from scratch through a series of sequential steps. They also control and maintain adult bodies through feedback processes, and the loss of such feedback because of a mutation can be responsible for the cell proliferation that is seen in cancer. In parallel with this process of building structure, the gene cascade turns on genes that make structural proteins that give each cell the physical properties it needs.It has been suggested that, because biological molecular interactions are intrinsically stochastic, gene networks are the result of cellular processes and not their cause (i.e. cellular Darwinism). However, recent experimental evidence has favored the attractor view of cell fates.
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