Chapter 23: Substituted Hydrocarbons and Their Reactions
... rings of many sizes, and molecules with single, double, and triple bonds. In hydrocarbons, carbon atoms are linked only to other carbon atoms or hydrogen atoms. But carbon atoms also can form strong covalent bonds with other elements, the most common of which are oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine ...
... rings of many sizes, and molecules with single, double, and triple bonds. In hydrocarbons, carbon atoms are linked only to other carbon atoms or hydrogen atoms. But carbon atoms also can form strong covalent bonds with other elements, the most common of which are oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine ...
topic 6 – hydrocarbons (general level)
... (a) What is meant by the term "homologous series"? 1 mark (KU) (b) Suggest a general formula for the dienes. 1 mark (PS) (c) Write the molecular formula for the product of the complete reaction of penta l,3-diene with bromine. 1 mark (PS) (d) Draw a full structural formula for, an isomer of buta-l,3 ...
... (a) What is meant by the term "homologous series"? 1 mark (KU) (b) Suggest a general formula for the dienes. 1 mark (PS) (c) Write the molecular formula for the product of the complete reaction of penta l,3-diene with bromine. 1 mark (PS) (d) Draw a full structural formula for, an isomer of buta-l,3 ...
CH 3
... When alkyl groups join to alkenyl groups alkenes will form. 2propenyl (CH2 = CH – CH2 -) and methyl ( CH3-) groups join 1butene will form: CH2 = CH – CH2 – CH3 When we are naming alkenes according to IUPAC (Systematic Naming) rules number the carbons in the chain so that the double bond would be bet ...
... When alkyl groups join to alkenyl groups alkenes will form. 2propenyl (CH2 = CH – CH2 -) and methyl ( CH3-) groups join 1butene will form: CH2 = CH – CH2 – CH3 When we are naming alkenes according to IUPAC (Systematic Naming) rules number the carbons in the chain so that the double bond would be bet ...
organic powerpoint
... hydrocarbon. One of the halogen atoms substitutes one of the hydrogen atoms. – Key to look for – Saturated hydrocarbon reactant and two product. ...
... hydrocarbon. One of the halogen atoms substitutes one of the hydrogen atoms. – Key to look for – Saturated hydrocarbon reactant and two product. ...
Document
... Organic compounds contain carbon atoms which bond to one another in chains, rings, and networks to form a variety of structures. Organic compounds can be named using the IUPAC system. (3.1ff) ...
... Organic compounds contain carbon atoms which bond to one another in chains, rings, and networks to form a variety of structures. Organic compounds can be named using the IUPAC system. (3.1ff) ...
Document
... Organic compounds contain carbon atoms which bond to one another in chains, rings, and networks to form a variety of structures. Organic compounds can be named using the IUPAC system. (3.1ff) J Deutsch 2003 ...
... Organic compounds contain carbon atoms which bond to one another in chains, rings, and networks to form a variety of structures. Organic compounds can be named using the IUPAC system. (3.1ff) J Deutsch 2003 ...
CHM 3200 - Miami Dade College
... a. Identifying properties of carboxylic acids and their derivatives. b. Illustrating methodologies for the synthesis of carboxylic acids (via oxidation of primary alcohols, aldehydes, and alkylbenzenes; via hydrolysis of esters, amides, and nitriles). c. Identifying and illustrating reactions of car ...
... a. Identifying properties of carboxylic acids and their derivatives. b. Illustrating methodologies for the synthesis of carboxylic acids (via oxidation of primary alcohols, aldehydes, and alkylbenzenes; via hydrolysis of esters, amides, and nitriles). c. Identifying and illustrating reactions of car ...
Isomerism Powerpoint presentation
... There are two structural isomers of C4H10. One is a straight chain molecule where all the carbon atoms are in a single row. The other is a branched molecule where three carbon atoms are in a row and one carbon atom sticks out of the main chain. ...
... There are two structural isomers of C4H10. One is a straight chain molecule where all the carbon atoms are in a single row. The other is a branched molecule where three carbon atoms are in a row and one carbon atom sticks out of the main chain. ...
chapter27
... Alcohols and Phenols • The stem for the parent hydrocarbon plus an -ol suffix is the systematic name for an alcohol. • A numeric prefix indicates the position of the -OH group in alcohols with three or more C atoms. • Common names are the name of the appropriate alkyl group plus alcohol. ...
... Alcohols and Phenols • The stem for the parent hydrocarbon plus an -ol suffix is the systematic name for an alcohol. • A numeric prefix indicates the position of the -OH group in alcohols with three or more C atoms. • Common names are the name of the appropriate alkyl group plus alcohol. ...
Lecture 3 Notes CH.4
... partially decomposed remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago. Fats are biological molecules that have long hydrocarbon tails attached to a nonhydrocarbon component. o ...
... partially decomposed remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago. Fats are biological molecules that have long hydrocarbon tails attached to a nonhydrocarbon component. o ...
4 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE
... Common names such as pentane, isopentane, and neopentane are sufficient to differentiate between the three isomers with the formula C5H12. They become less useful, however, as the size of the hydrocarbon chain increases. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has developed a s ...
... Common names such as pentane, isopentane, and neopentane are sufficient to differentiate between the three isomers with the formula C5H12. They become less useful, however, as the size of the hydrocarbon chain increases. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has developed a s ...
Molecular Orbitals and Hybridisation
... The sp3 orbitals formed are all half-filled, with the electron far more likely to be found in the larger lobe. Since electrons repel each other, the four sp3 hybridised orbitals surrounding a central carbon atom result in a familiar tetrahedral shape, with a maximum possible angle between each orbit ...
... The sp3 orbitals formed are all half-filled, with the electron far more likely to be found in the larger lobe. Since electrons repel each other, the four sp3 hybridised orbitals surrounding a central carbon atom result in a familiar tetrahedral shape, with a maximum possible angle between each orbit ...
Organic Chemistry Structures of Organic Compounds
... The rates are proportional not only to the bond strength of the CH bond being broken, but also on the statistical number of hydrogens. The bond strength is the most important factor. (i.e., generally k2 > k1) Rate of reaction via 1° CH ∝ k1 [CH3CH2CH2CH3][Cl•] x fn 6 H’s Rate of reaction via 2° CH ∝ ...
... The rates are proportional not only to the bond strength of the CH bond being broken, but also on the statistical number of hydrogens. The bond strength is the most important factor. (i.e., generally k2 > k1) Rate of reaction via 1° CH ∝ k1 [CH3CH2CH2CH3][Cl•] x fn 6 H’s Rate of reaction via 2° CH ∝ ...
2 Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones GOB Structures
... • Aldehydes and ketones containing 3 to 10 carbon atoms are liquids. • The polar carbonyl group with a partially negative oxygen atom and a partially positive carbon atom has an influence on the boiling points and the solubility of aldehydes and ketones in water. ...
... • Aldehydes and ketones containing 3 to 10 carbon atoms are liquids. • The polar carbonyl group with a partially negative oxygen atom and a partially positive carbon atom has an influence on the boiling points and the solubility of aldehydes and ketones in water. ...
Chemistry 1110 – Organic Chemistry IUPAC Nomenclature
... containing one degree of unsaturation does not necessarily have to be unsaturated (you will learn more about this topic from your instructor in the classroom). A saturated compound is one that contains only single bonds while an unsaturated compound is one that contains at least one multiple bond; i ...
... containing one degree of unsaturation does not necessarily have to be unsaturated (you will learn more about this topic from your instructor in the classroom). A saturated compound is one that contains only single bonds while an unsaturated compound is one that contains at least one multiple bond; i ...
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN ALKYNE CHEMISTRY
... Carbon nucleophiles are widely used in organic synthesis to create new carbon-carbon bonds when they react with electrophiles, and therefore exapand a carbon chain. To be nucleophilic, the carbon atom must be bonded to a less electronegative atom to create a dipole favoring higher electron density o ...
... Carbon nucleophiles are widely used in organic synthesis to create new carbon-carbon bonds when they react with electrophiles, and therefore exapand a carbon chain. To be nucleophilic, the carbon atom must be bonded to a less electronegative atom to create a dipole favoring higher electron density o ...
A Brief History of Organic Chemistry
... bonds are very strong - a lot of energy is required to break them compared to other ...
... bonds are very strong - a lot of energy is required to break them compared to other ...
STUDY GUIDE
... the atoms of carbon are bonded to each other by single bonds. Structural isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different molecular geometry. Alkanes may have a straight-chain structure or a ring structure. Substituent groups may be attached to the parent structure. Alkyl hal ...
... the atoms of carbon are bonded to each other by single bonds. Structural isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different molecular geometry. Alkanes may have a straight-chain structure or a ring structure. Substituent groups may be attached to the parent structure. Alkyl hal ...
Alcohols, phenols and ethers
... O-atom. (Ethers can also incorporate aromatic rings.) • The slight changes in structure are accompanied by changes in their physical (e.g. boiling points) and chemical behavior. ...
... O-atom. (Ethers can also incorporate aromatic rings.) • The slight changes in structure are accompanied by changes in their physical (e.g. boiling points) and chemical behavior. ...
Petrochemicals - MullisChemistry
... LONGEST STRAIGHT chain of carbon atoms. Add the name of the alkyl groups attached to the chain. If more than one group is attached, use the proper numerical prefix to indicate how many groups are attached. (2=di, 3-tri,etc.) Assign numbers to the carbons in the parent chain. Assign so that attached ...
... LONGEST STRAIGHT chain of carbon atoms. Add the name of the alkyl groups attached to the chain. If more than one group is attached, use the proper numerical prefix to indicate how many groups are attached. (2=di, 3-tri,etc.) Assign numbers to the carbons in the parent chain. Assign so that attached ...
ISOMERISM - Knockhardy
... the greater the degree of branching the lower the boiling point branching decreases the effectiveness of intermolecular attractive forces less energy has to be put in to separate the molecules boiling points can also vary between isomers containing different functional groups e.g alcohols and ethers ...
... the greater the degree of branching the lower the boiling point branching decreases the effectiveness of intermolecular attractive forces less energy has to be put in to separate the molecules boiling points can also vary between isomers containing different functional groups e.g alcohols and ethers ...
H - CashmereChemistry
... Soluble in non polar solvents Don’t conduct – no free electrons Float on water because H2O is polar and more dense Boiling/melting point increases with chain length because as molecular mass increases the intermolecular forces between molecules increases All alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons becaus ...
... Soluble in non polar solvents Don’t conduct – no free electrons Float on water because H2O is polar and more dense Boiling/melting point increases with chain length because as molecular mass increases the intermolecular forces between molecules increases All alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons becaus ...
HILL12_Lecture_09
... Benzene is a unique organic compound in that it is a very stable six-sided ring. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain a benzene ring or have properties similar to those of benzene. ...
... Benzene is a unique organic compound in that it is a very stable six-sided ring. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain a benzene ring or have properties similar to those of benzene. ...
01. Introduction of bioorganic chemistry. Classification, structure
... Sources: fossil fuels - natural gas, petroleum, coal ...
... Sources: fossil fuels - natural gas, petroleum, coal ...
Alkane
In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical name that also has other meanings), is a saturated hydrocarbon. Alkanes consist only of hydrogen and carbon atoms and all bonds are single bonds. Alkanes (technically, always acyclic or open-chain compounds) have the general chemical formula CnH2n+2. For example, Methane is CH4, in which n=1 (n being the number of Carbon atoms). Alkanes belong to a homologous series of organic compounds in which the members differ by a molecular mass of 14.03u (mass of a methanediyl group, —CH2—, one carbon atom of mass 12.01u, and two hydrogen atoms of mass ≈1.01u each). There are two main commercial sources: petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas.Each carbon atom has 4 bonds (either C-H or C-C bonds), and each hydrogen atom is joined to a carbon atom (H-C bonds). A series of linked carbon atoms is known as the carbon skeleton or carbon backbone. The number of carbon atoms is used to define the size of the alkane e.g., C2-alkane.An alkyl group, generally abbreviated with the symbol R, is a functional group or side-chain that, like an alkane, consists solely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms, for example a methyl or ethyl group.The simplest possible alkane (the parent molecule) is methane, CH4. There is no limit to the number of carbon atoms that can be linked together, the only limitation being that the molecule is acyclic, is saturated, and is a hydrocarbon. Waxes include examples of larger alkanes where the number of carbons in the carbon backbone is greater than about 17, above which the compounds are solids at standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP).Alkanes are not very reactive and have little biological activity. All alkanes are colourless and odourless. Alkanes can be viewed as a molecular tree upon which can be hung the more biologically active/reactive portions (functional groups) of the molecule.