Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
... For historical reasons, compounds containing carbon are said to be organic, and the branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds is called organic chemistry. Organic compounds range from simple molecules, such as methane (CH4), to colossal ones, such as proteins, with thousa ...
... For historical reasons, compounds containing carbon are said to be organic, and the branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds is called organic chemistry. Organic compounds range from simple molecules, such as methane (CH4), to colossal ones, such as proteins, with thousa ...
2 - Humble ISD
... • “Lazy” way to write the Hydrogens • Instead of drawing the bonds, just state how many hydrogens are attached • NOTE: The bonds are between CARBONS in a parent chain, and not hydrogens! ...
... • “Lazy” way to write the Hydrogens • Instead of drawing the bonds, just state how many hydrogens are attached • NOTE: The bonds are between CARBONS in a parent chain, and not hydrogens! ...
幻灯片 1 - Sun Yat-sen University
... • Name halogen as a radical: a) Drop the elemental ending on the halogen and add o, i.e. -F = fluoro, -Cl = chloro, -Br = bromo, -I = iodo; b) halogen is given the lowest possible number. ...
... • Name halogen as a radical: a) Drop the elemental ending on the halogen and add o, i.e. -F = fluoro, -Cl = chloro, -Br = bromo, -I = iodo; b) halogen is given the lowest possible number. ...
Chemistry 3.5 - CashmereChemistry
... Testing for Cis - Trans Isomers Weigh out 2 grams of maleic acid into a 50ml beaker Add 4mls of water and warm slightly to dissolve the acid Pour this into a pear shaped flask Carefully add 5mls of concentrated HCl Place a condenser on top of the flask and secure it in a retort stand with a water b ...
... Testing for Cis - Trans Isomers Weigh out 2 grams of maleic acid into a 50ml beaker Add 4mls of water and warm slightly to dissolve the acid Pour this into a pear shaped flask Carefully add 5mls of concentrated HCl Place a condenser on top of the flask and secure it in a retort stand with a water b ...
doc
... Alkyl halides occur widely in nature and have many uses in industrial processes. Uses of Alkyl Halides – see p. 316 – solvents, anesthetic, refrigerant, fumigant Epibatidine (p. 317) – is found on the skin of an Ecuadorian frog and is 200 x more potent than morphine in blocking pain. ...
... Alkyl halides occur widely in nature and have many uses in industrial processes. Uses of Alkyl Halides – see p. 316 – solvents, anesthetic, refrigerant, fumigant Epibatidine (p. 317) – is found on the skin of an Ecuadorian frog and is 200 x more potent than morphine in blocking pain. ...
CHAPTER 12. DECODING ORGANIC STRUCTURES: THE
... by adding an -OH group to the three carbon chain of propane. The alcohol group can either be placed on an end carbon, forming propanol or propyl alcohol, or it can be placed on the middle carbon, forming isopropanol, or isopropyl alcohol. Most rubbing alcohol sold in pharmacies is isopropanol, which ...
... by adding an -OH group to the three carbon chain of propane. The alcohol group can either be placed on an end carbon, forming propanol or propyl alcohol, or it can be placed on the middle carbon, forming isopropanol, or isopropyl alcohol. Most rubbing alcohol sold in pharmacies is isopropanol, which ...
Organic Compounds
... • A hydrogen atom adds to each carbon atom of a double bond. • A catalyst such as platinum or palladium is used (Transition metals). ...
... • A hydrogen atom adds to each carbon atom of a double bond. • A catalyst such as platinum or palladium is used (Transition metals). ...
MECH 558 Combustion Class Notes
... Before learning how hydrocarbons react with oxygen in flames, we must first go over some nomenclature for the different classes of hydrocarbons. 2.1. Alkanes (paraffins): These molecules consist of carbon atoms which are all connected by single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen atoms (i.e. no mo ...
... Before learning how hydrocarbons react with oxygen in flames, we must first go over some nomenclature for the different classes of hydrocarbons. 2.1. Alkanes (paraffins): These molecules consist of carbon atoms which are all connected by single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen atoms (i.e. no mo ...
Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols
... 1, 2 diols (vicinal diols) are called glycols. Common names for glycols use the name of the alkene from which they were made. ...
... 1, 2 diols (vicinal diols) are called glycols. Common names for glycols use the name of the alkene from which they were made. ...
Chapter 4- Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of
... covalent bonds. Each carbon atom thus acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in as many as four directions. This tetravalence is one facet of carbon's versatility that makes large, complex molecules possible. When a carbon atom forms four single covalent bonds, the arrang ...
... covalent bonds. Each carbon atom thus acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in as many as four directions. This tetravalence is one facet of carbon's versatility that makes large, complex molecules possible. When a carbon atom forms four single covalent bonds, the arrang ...
4.79 MB - KFUPM Resources v3
... One property of chiral molecules is that the two enantiomers rotate the plane of plane-polarized light in opposite directions; that is, they are optically active. If the plane of polarization is rotated to the right, the isomer is said to be dextrorotatory and is labeled d; if it is rotated to the l ...
... One property of chiral molecules is that the two enantiomers rotate the plane of plane-polarized light in opposite directions; that is, they are optically active. If the plane of polarization is rotated to the right, the isomer is said to be dextrorotatory and is labeled d; if it is rotated to the l ...
Organic Chemistry
... different functional group atoms in molecules • Electron-rich atom react with electron-poor atoms. – Nucleophile – electron rich (lone pair; d-) and “nucleusloving”. Donate electron pair to form bond. – Electrophile – electron poor (d+) and “electron-loving”. ...
... different functional group atoms in molecules • Electron-rich atom react with electron-poor atoms. – Nucleophile – electron rich (lone pair; d-) and “nucleusloving”. Donate electron pair to form bond. – Electrophile – electron poor (d+) and “electron-loving”. ...
Chap 1 - Notes - StrucandPropOrganicComp
... o Example: fossil fuels such as natural gas and gasoline ...
... o Example: fossil fuels such as natural gas and gasoline ...
MECH 558 Combustion Class Notes
... Before learning how hydrocarbons react with oxygen in flames, we must first go over some nomenclature for the different classes of hydrocarbons. 2.1. Alkanes (paraffins): These molecules consist of carbon atoms which are all connected by single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen atoms (i.e. no mo ...
... Before learning how hydrocarbons react with oxygen in flames, we must first go over some nomenclature for the different classes of hydrocarbons. 2.1. Alkanes (paraffins): These molecules consist of carbon atoms which are all connected by single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen atoms (i.e. no mo ...
Chemistry of Carbon
... Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are the simplest type of carbon-based compounds. Nonetheless, they can vary greatly in size. The smallest hydrocarbons have just one or two carbon atoms, but large hydrocarbons may have hundreds. The size of hydrocarbon m ...
... Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are the simplest type of carbon-based compounds. Nonetheless, they can vary greatly in size. The smallest hydrocarbons have just one or two carbon atoms, but large hydrocarbons may have hundreds. The size of hydrocarbon m ...
Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry
... Alkenes are organic compounds that contain carbon-carbon double bonds. The two simplest alkenes, C2H4 and C3H6, are shown in Figure 13.6. It might appear that the C3H6 molecules shown in Figures 13.6b and 13.6c are different, but they can be interchanged by a simple rotation, so they are representat ...
... Alkenes are organic compounds that contain carbon-carbon double bonds. The two simplest alkenes, C2H4 and C3H6, are shown in Figure 13.6. It might appear that the C3H6 molecules shown in Figures 13.6b and 13.6c are different, but they can be interchanged by a simple rotation, so they are representat ...
Chapter 13 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
... • IUPAC name: Name the smaller of the two R groups as an alkoxy group attached to the parent chain by replacing the –yl ending of the R group with –oxy. • Common name: Name the groups attached to the oxygen alphabetically and add the word ether. ...
... • IUPAC name: Name the smaller of the two R groups as an alkoxy group attached to the parent chain by replacing the –yl ending of the R group with –oxy. • Common name: Name the groups attached to the oxygen alphabetically and add the word ether. ...
Ex. 29 Answer
... Hence the strength of van der Waals’ forces between alkane molecules also increases. More heat is needed to separate the molecules during boiling and thus the boiling points of the alkanes increase with the number of carbon atoms in the molecules. b) Van der Waals’ forces exist in alkane while both ...
... Hence the strength of van der Waals’ forces between alkane molecules also increases. More heat is needed to separate the molecules during boiling and thus the boiling points of the alkanes increase with the number of carbon atoms in the molecules. b) Van der Waals’ forces exist in alkane while both ...
lecture 3 - aldehydes and ketones
... As a result, low-molecular weight aldehydes and ketones show appreciable solubilities in water. Acetone and ethanal are soluble in water in all proportions. ...
... As a result, low-molecular weight aldehydes and ketones show appreciable solubilities in water. Acetone and ethanal are soluble in water in all proportions. ...
Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols
... • are organic compounds that contain a –SH group. • are named in the IUPAC system by adding thiol to the alkane name of the longest carbon chain. ...
... • are organic compounds that contain a –SH group. • are named in the IUPAC system by adding thiol to the alkane name of the longest carbon chain. ...
Organic Chemistry Durham School Board March
... Make sure you have given the lowest numbers possible to your branches (alkyl groups). Now name your alkane, List your alkyl groups in alphabetical order. 3, 4-diethyl, 2- methyl heptane ...
... Make sure you have given the lowest numbers possible to your branches (alkyl groups). Now name your alkane, List your alkyl groups in alphabetical order. 3, 4-diethyl, 2- methyl heptane ...
document
... Elimination from Alcohols • Heating an alcohol to 170ºC with conc. H2SO4 produces an alkene as a water molecule is eliminated. • The acid acts as a catalyst • CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 H 2O + mix of CH3CH2CH=CH2 and CH3CH=CHCH3 depending on which side of the C—OH the proton is removed from. ...
... Elimination from Alcohols • Heating an alcohol to 170ºC with conc. H2SO4 produces an alkene as a water molecule is eliminated. • The acid acts as a catalyst • CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 H 2O + mix of CH3CH2CH=CH2 and CH3CH=CHCH3 depending on which side of the C—OH the proton is removed from. ...
Alkane
In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical name that also has other meanings), is a saturated hydrocarbon. Alkanes consist only of hydrogen and carbon atoms and all bonds are single bonds. Alkanes (technically, always acyclic or open-chain compounds) have the general chemical formula CnH2n+2. For example, Methane is CH4, in which n=1 (n being the number of Carbon atoms). Alkanes belong to a homologous series of organic compounds in which the members differ by a molecular mass of 14.03u (mass of a methanediyl group, —CH2—, one carbon atom of mass 12.01u, and two hydrogen atoms of mass ≈1.01u each). There are two main commercial sources: petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas.Each carbon atom has 4 bonds (either C-H or C-C bonds), and each hydrogen atom is joined to a carbon atom (H-C bonds). A series of linked carbon atoms is known as the carbon skeleton or carbon backbone. The number of carbon atoms is used to define the size of the alkane e.g., C2-alkane.An alkyl group, generally abbreviated with the symbol R, is a functional group or side-chain that, like an alkane, consists solely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms, for example a methyl or ethyl group.The simplest possible alkane (the parent molecule) is methane, CH4. There is no limit to the number of carbon atoms that can be linked together, the only limitation being that the molecule is acyclic, is saturated, and is a hydrocarbon. Waxes include examples of larger alkanes where the number of carbons in the carbon backbone is greater than about 17, above which the compounds are solids at standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP).Alkanes are not very reactive and have little biological activity. All alkanes are colourless and odourless. Alkanes can be viewed as a molecular tree upon which can be hung the more biologically active/reactive portions (functional groups) of the molecule.