An Oxidation-Reduction Scheme: Borneol, Camphor, Isoborneol1
... a sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solution3 through the top of the air condenser over a period of about 35 minutes. When the addition is complete, stir the mixture for an additional 15 minutes. Extraction of Camphor. When the reaction time is complete, allow the mixture to cool to room temperature. Rem ...
... a sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solution3 through the top of the air condenser over a period of about 35 minutes. When the addition is complete, stir the mixture for an additional 15 minutes. Extraction of Camphor. When the reaction time is complete, allow the mixture to cool to room temperature. Rem ...
Lecture 5: Biotrans_detox_biodegrade_lecture
... (b.) Phase II conjugations yield product destined for excretion ...
... (b.) Phase II conjugations yield product destined for excretion ...
CHM412 June 2013 paper
... the strong hydrogen bonds), then molecuels with dipoles which have lower bpt’s followed by (non-polar) molecules with LDF’s only. Within the H-bonding species, Carboxylic acids form dimers (as part d) mentions), that is, two sets of Hbonding to one other molecule, so their H-bonds are stronger than ...
... the strong hydrogen bonds), then molecuels with dipoles which have lower bpt’s followed by (non-polar) molecules with LDF’s only. Within the H-bonding species, Carboxylic acids form dimers (as part d) mentions), that is, two sets of Hbonding to one other molecule, so their H-bonds are stronger than ...
Student Instructions from Laboratory Manual
... Synthesis: In an inert-atmosphere glovebox, dissolve 150–200 mg of [Mo(CO)3(η5-C5H5)]2 in anhydrous THF (ca. 10 mL) in a 20-mL scintillation vial equipped with a flea-sized magnetic stir bar. With vigorous stirring, slowly add 2.5 equiv of lithium triethylborohydride [aka, SuperHydride®] (1.0-M solu ...
... Synthesis: In an inert-atmosphere glovebox, dissolve 150–200 mg of [Mo(CO)3(η5-C5H5)]2 in anhydrous THF (ca. 10 mL) in a 20-mL scintillation vial equipped with a flea-sized magnetic stir bar. With vigorous stirring, slowly add 2.5 equiv of lithium triethylborohydride [aka, SuperHydride®] (1.0-M solu ...
CH 102 Laboratory 7 Ester Synthesis and Smells
... Recovering the desired products from reactions is often a very difficult task. In the case of ester formation it is advantageous to mix the reaction mixture with strongly basic water after the reaction is complete. Under these conditions, the unreacted acid will be in the anion form and soluble in t ...
... Recovering the desired products from reactions is often a very difficult task. In the case of ester formation it is advantageous to mix the reaction mixture with strongly basic water after the reaction is complete. Under these conditions, the unreacted acid will be in the anion form and soluble in t ...
Boiling-Point Elevation of a Solution
... Aldehydes and ketones share the carbonyl functional group which features carbon doubly bonded to oxygen. In the case of ketones there are two carbon atoms bonded to the carbonyl carbon and no hydrogens. In the case of aldehydes there is at least one hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon, the other ...
... Aldehydes and ketones share the carbonyl functional group which features carbon doubly bonded to oxygen. In the case of ketones there are two carbon atoms bonded to the carbonyl carbon and no hydrogens. In the case of aldehydes there is at least one hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon, the other ...
Oxidative Addition
... complex or a 2e site must be opened up in an 18e complex by the loss of a ligand producing a 16e intermediate species. 2) The starting metal complex of a given oxidation state must also have a stable ...
... complex or a 2e site must be opened up in an 18e complex by the loss of a ligand producing a 16e intermediate species. 2) The starting metal complex of a given oxidation state must also have a stable ...
Chemistry B11 Chapters 16-18 Amines, aldehydes, ketones and
... of carboxylate group (-COO-) with a negative charge and a metal ion (Na+ or K+). In water, nonpolar hydrocarbon chains tend to cluster in such a way as to minimize contact of their hydrocarbon chains with surrounding water molecules. The polar part stays in contact with the surrounding water molecul ...
... of carboxylate group (-COO-) with a negative charge and a metal ion (Na+ or K+). In water, nonpolar hydrocarbon chains tend to cluster in such a way as to minimize contact of their hydrocarbon chains with surrounding water molecules. The polar part stays in contact with the surrounding water molecul ...
This exam will consist of 30-35 multiple choice or short answer
... Why does 1-bromobutane react faster than 1-chlorobutane? Explain the two types of reactions used in this experiment to determine SN2 and SN1 reactivity. How could you tell a reaction was occurring? What are the products under both reaction conditions (what group replaces the Br or Cl leaving group)? ...
... Why does 1-bromobutane react faster than 1-chlorobutane? Explain the two types of reactions used in this experiment to determine SN2 and SN1 reactivity. How could you tell a reaction was occurring? What are the products under both reaction conditions (what group replaces the Br or Cl leaving group)? ...
name Page 1 of 6 Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer for the
... Which of the following statements concerning a carbocation is not true? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) ...
... Which of the following statements concerning a carbocation is not true? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) ...
Revision
... Synthesis of hexane-3,4-diol from trans-3-hexene may be accomplished in two ways: (i) OsO4 hydroxylation & (ii) C6H5CO3H epoxidation followed by NaOH opening of the epoxide ring. Which of the following statements about the products from these reactions is correct? ...
... Synthesis of hexane-3,4-diol from trans-3-hexene may be accomplished in two ways: (i) OsO4 hydroxylation & (ii) C6H5CO3H epoxidation followed by NaOH opening of the epoxide ring. Which of the following statements about the products from these reactions is correct? ...
Whitten, Davis, and Peck, General Chemistry, 6th Edition
... Recommended CER Experiments to accompany Hornback’s Organic Chemistry, Second Edition The table below matches sections from the book with recommended CER labs. Click on the experiment title to view a PDF of each lab. Go to www.CERLabs.com to search the complete CER database and to learn more about c ...
... Recommended CER Experiments to accompany Hornback’s Organic Chemistry, Second Edition The table below matches sections from the book with recommended CER labs. Click on the experiment title to view a PDF of each lab. Go to www.CERLabs.com to search the complete CER database and to learn more about c ...
MAIN GROUP ORGANOMETALLICS Dr. S. Draper 8 lecture course
... in the low volatility and insolubility of (LiCH3)4 in nonsolvating media. The structure of t butyl lithium is similar but the intermolecular forces are weaker and hence tBuLi is soluble in hydrocarbons and sublimes at 70o C/1 mbar. Coordinating solvents will tend to give monomeric or dimeric species ...
... in the low volatility and insolubility of (LiCH3)4 in nonsolvating media. The structure of t butyl lithium is similar but the intermolecular forces are weaker and hence tBuLi is soluble in hydrocarbons and sublimes at 70o C/1 mbar. Coordinating solvents will tend to give monomeric or dimeric species ...
Nucleophilic Substitution Swapping
... The ability of solvents to stabilize ions through solvation is directly associated with their polarity. Polar solvents, such as water, can stabilize the ions 3X more than alcohol (see chart) Methanol can stabilize ions through solvation, but water is best at controlling ions. The :OH- is a super st ...
... The ability of solvents to stabilize ions through solvation is directly associated with their polarity. Polar solvents, such as water, can stabilize the ions 3X more than alcohol (see chart) Methanol can stabilize ions through solvation, but water is best at controlling ions. The :OH- is a super st ...
07. Aldehydes and ketones
... 4. Reactions of condensation 1). Aldol condensation As noted earlier, an aldehyde is partially converted to its enolate anion by bases such as hydroxide ion and alkoxide ions. This type of condensations is character for aldehydes which have hydrogen atoms at the α-carbon atom. ...
... 4. Reactions of condensation 1). Aldol condensation As noted earlier, an aldehyde is partially converted to its enolate anion by bases such as hydroxide ion and alkoxide ions. This type of condensations is character for aldehydes which have hydrogen atoms at the α-carbon atom. ...
CHM230 OXIDATION OF CYCLOHEXANOL TO CYCLOHEXANONE
... graduated cylinder. The distillate should be a mixture of cyclohexanone and water that contains excess acetic acid. Transfer the distillate to a separatory funnel or beaker. 6. Add 3.5 grams of sodium carbonate to neutralize any excess acetic acid, and then add a small amount, about 3 grams of sodiu ...
... graduated cylinder. The distillate should be a mixture of cyclohexanone and water that contains excess acetic acid. Transfer the distillate to a separatory funnel or beaker. 6. Add 3.5 grams of sodium carbonate to neutralize any excess acetic acid, and then add a small amount, about 3 grams of sodiu ...
19-3 Esters and Anhydrides (PPT)
... With less basic nucleophiles, especially under acidic conditions, substitution through the addition-elimination mechanism may occur. In the esterification of a carboxylic acid, an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react in the presence of acid to form an ester and water. ...
... With less basic nucleophiles, especially under acidic conditions, substitution through the addition-elimination mechanism may occur. In the esterification of a carboxylic acid, an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react in the presence of acid to form an ester and water. ...
Experiment 7: Acidity of Alcohols Williamson Ether Synthesis of
... In separate, dry test tubes, place 2 mL each of methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol) and 2-methyl-2-propanol. Using tweezers, add a small (ca. 2 mm across) piece of sodium to each test tube. Record all observations in your notebook. What do you observe? What gas is formed from the react ...
... In separate, dry test tubes, place 2 mL each of methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol) and 2-methyl-2-propanol. Using tweezers, add a small (ca. 2 mm across) piece of sodium to each test tube. Record all observations in your notebook. What do you observe? What gas is formed from the react ...
Group B_reaction of alkenes
... • thus, the 2 electrons that originally formed the π bond – form a new σ bond between C and the H from HBr. • the product is +vely charged since the sp2 C that did not form a bond with H has lost a share in an electron pair. • in 2nd step of reaction: a lone pair on the –vely charged bromide ion for ...
... • thus, the 2 electrons that originally formed the π bond – form a new σ bond between C and the H from HBr. • the product is +vely charged since the sp2 C that did not form a bond with H has lost a share in an electron pair. • in 2nd step of reaction: a lone pair on the –vely charged bromide ion for ...
4.5 Topic Checklist Carbonyl Compounds
... basis of a simple chemical test to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones (e.g. Fehling’s solution and Tollens’ reagent) appreciate the hazards of synthesis using HCN/KCN know that aldehydes can be reduced to primary alcohols and ketones to secondary alcohols using reducing agents such as NaBH4. ...
... basis of a simple chemical test to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones (e.g. Fehling’s solution and Tollens’ reagent) appreciate the hazards of synthesis using HCN/KCN know that aldehydes can be reduced to primary alcohols and ketones to secondary alcohols using reducing agents such as NaBH4. ...
Survey on Conditions Catalysis of Chemical Reactions
... LiAlH4is a strong, unselective reducing agent for polar double bonds, most easily thought of as a source of H-. It will reduce aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acid chlorides, carboxylic acids and even carboxylate salts to alcohols. Amides and nitriles are reduced to amines. In each case the p ...
... LiAlH4is a strong, unselective reducing agent for polar double bonds, most easily thought of as a source of H-. It will reduce aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acid chlorides, carboxylic acids and even carboxylate salts to alcohols. Amides and nitriles are reduced to amines. In each case the p ...
Chapter 18 Reactions of aromatics
... Substitution of H by SO3 (sulfonation) Reaction with a mixture of sulfuric acid and SO3 Reactive species is sulfur trioxide or its conjugate acid Reaction occurs via Wheland intermediate and is ...
... Substitution of H by SO3 (sulfonation) Reaction with a mixture of sulfuric acid and SO3 Reactive species is sulfur trioxide or its conjugate acid Reaction occurs via Wheland intermediate and is ...
Dess-Martin Periodinane
... wide variety of sensitive substrates and is particularly valuable in multi-step syntheses of polyfunctional molecules with complex stereochemistry. For an example involving exclusive oxidation of one of four possible secondary OH groups in a synthesis of erythromycin B, see: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119, ...
... wide variety of sensitive substrates and is particularly valuable in multi-step syntheses of polyfunctional molecules with complex stereochemistry. For an example involving exclusive oxidation of one of four possible secondary OH groups in a synthesis of erythromycin B, see: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119, ...
Wolff–Kishner reduction
The Wolff–Kishner reduction is a reaction used in organic chemistry to convert carbonyl functionalities into methylene groups. In the context of complex molecule synthesis, it is most frequently employed to remove a carbonyl group after it has served its synthetic purpose of activating an intermediate in a preceding step. As such, there is no obvious retron for this reaction. Originally reported by Nikolai Kischner in 1911 and Ludwig Wolff in 1912, it has been applied to the total synthesis of scopadulcic acid B, aspidospermidine and dysidiolide.In general, the reaction mechanism first involves the in situ generation of a hydrazone by condensation of hydrazine with the ketone or aldehyde substrate. Sometimes it is however advantageous to use a pre-formed hydrazone as substrate (see modifications). The hydrazone is deprotonated by alkoxide base followed by a concerted, rate-determining step in which a diimide anion is formed. Collapse of this alkyldiimde with loss of N2 leads to formation of an alkylanion which can be protonated by solvent to give the desired product.Because the Wolff–Kishner reduction requires highly basic conditions, it is unsuitable for base-sensitive substrates. However, this method can be superior over the related Clemmensen reduction for acid-sensitive compounds such as pyrroles and for high-molecular weight compounds.