Example
... • Raney nickel is finely divided Ni powder saturated with hydrogen gas. • It will attack the alkene first, then the carbonyl. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Raney nickel is finely divided Ni powder saturated with hydrogen gas. • It will attack the alkene first, then the carbonyl. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Esterification Worksheet
... 1/ Weigh 1.0g of Phenol into a small conical flask. HAZARD! 2/Add 18cm3 of 1M NaOH(aq) and bung the flask. 3/ HAZARD! In a fume cupboard add 2cm3 of Benzoyl Chloride in small quantities at a time. 4/ Fit a bung and shake vigorously with occasional cooling under the tap or in ice water. Release the H ...
... 1/ Weigh 1.0g of Phenol into a small conical flask. HAZARD! 2/Add 18cm3 of 1M NaOH(aq) and bung the flask. 3/ HAZARD! In a fume cupboard add 2cm3 of Benzoyl Chloride in small quantities at a time. 4/ Fit a bung and shake vigorously with occasional cooling under the tap or in ice water. Release the H ...
Reductive Deoxygenation of Ketones and Secondary Alcohols by
... The reductive deoxygenation of ketones and secondary alcohols to the corresponding methylene hydrocarbons has been achieved in good to excellent yield by the combined action of an aluminum hydride source and a strongly Lewis-acidic aluminum reagent. Such reductions were successful with diaryl ketone ...
... The reductive deoxygenation of ketones and secondary alcohols to the corresponding methylene hydrocarbons has been achieved in good to excellent yield by the combined action of an aluminum hydride source and a strongly Lewis-acidic aluminum reagent. Such reductions were successful with diaryl ketone ...
Classification of Halogen Derivatives
... Aryl halides are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction. Their low reactivity is attributed due to the following reasons: 1. Due to resonance, C-X bond has partial double bond character. 2. Stabilisation of the molecule by delocalisation of electrons. 3. (Instability of phenyl carb ...
... Aryl halides are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction. Their low reactivity is attributed due to the following reasons: 1. Due to resonance, C-X bond has partial double bond character. 2. Stabilisation of the molecule by delocalisation of electrons. 3. (Instability of phenyl carb ...
reactions of alcohols
... Summary of Oxidation reactions of the alcohols • potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 is an oxidising agent that causes alcohols to oxidise. • When it reacts it changes from orange to green The exact reaction, however, depends on the type of alcohol i.e. whether it is primary, secondary, or tertiary, and on ...
... Summary of Oxidation reactions of the alcohols • potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 is an oxidising agent that causes alcohols to oxidise. • When it reacts it changes from orange to green The exact reaction, however, depends on the type of alcohol i.e. whether it is primary, secondary, or tertiary, and on ...
EXPERIMENT 6 (Organic Chemistry II) Pahlavan/Cherif
... molecule is shown getting protonated in the third step to produce H3O+, so it is used up. Consequently only one molecule of water is produced overall. Also note that the H3O+ that is used in the first step is reformed in the third step; this is the nature of a catalyst – it speeds up a reaction, if ...
... molecule is shown getting protonated in the third step to produce H3O+, so it is used up. Consequently only one molecule of water is produced overall. Also note that the H3O+ that is used in the first step is reformed in the third step; this is the nature of a catalyst – it speeds up a reaction, if ...
(substituted) carbon
... The electrons of a double bond are more loosely held than those of the bond. As a result, the electrons, which extend above and below the molecular plane of the alkene, can act as a nucleophile in a manner similar to that of more typical Lewis bases. ...
... The electrons of a double bond are more loosely held than those of the bond. As a result, the electrons, which extend above and below the molecular plane of the alkene, can act as a nucleophile in a manner similar to that of more typical Lewis bases. ...
Document
... Fehling’s A solution is an aqueous solution of copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) with few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. Fehling’s B solution is an aqueous solution of potassium sodium tartrate (C4H4K NaO6.4H2O) and sodium hydroxide. ● Add 5 drops of the compound to 1 mL of Fehling’s s ...
... Fehling’s A solution is an aqueous solution of copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) with few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid. Fehling’s B solution is an aqueous solution of potassium sodium tartrate (C4H4K NaO6.4H2O) and sodium hydroxide. ● Add 5 drops of the compound to 1 mL of Fehling’s s ...
Aldehydes and Ketones
... • Carbonyl compound: Any compound that contains a carbonyl group, C=O. • Carbonyl group: A functional group that has a C atom joined to an O atom by a double bond. • The bond angles between the three substituents on the carbonyl carbon atom are 120°, or close to it. ...
... • Carbonyl compound: Any compound that contains a carbonyl group, C=O. • Carbonyl group: A functional group that has a C atom joined to an O atom by a double bond. • The bond angles between the three substituents on the carbonyl carbon atom are 120°, or close to it. ...
Edexcel GCE - The Student Room
... (c) Lithium can react with chlorine to produce lithium chloride. When a sample of lithium chloride is heated in a Bunsen flame, a red colour is seen. (i) Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram of lithium chloride showing all the electrons. Indicate the charges clearly on your diagram. ...
... (c) Lithium can react with chlorine to produce lithium chloride. When a sample of lithium chloride is heated in a Bunsen flame, a red colour is seen. (i) Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram of lithium chloride showing all the electrons. Indicate the charges clearly on your diagram. ...
Chapter 19. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
... Addition of amines with an atom containing a lone pair of electrons on the adjacent atom occurs very readily, giving useful, stable imines For example, hydroxylamine forms oximes and 2,4dinitrophenylhydrazine readily forms 2,4dinitrophenylhydrazones ...
... Addition of amines with an atom containing a lone pair of electrons on the adjacent atom occurs very readily, giving useful, stable imines For example, hydroxylamine forms oximes and 2,4dinitrophenylhydrazine readily forms 2,4dinitrophenylhydrazones ...
excess
... 4. Sodium hydride, NaH, is an ionic compound. Na H a) Write the Lewis electron-dot structure for NaH. b) If NaH is placed into water (a foolish thing to do), the hydride ion is converted to hydrogen gas (H2). The resulting solution turns red litmus paper blue and has a pH OH Na>>7.H + H2O H2 + Na Wr ...
... 4. Sodium hydride, NaH, is an ionic compound. Na H a) Write the Lewis electron-dot structure for NaH. b) If NaH is placed into water (a foolish thing to do), the hydride ion is converted to hydrogen gas (H2). The resulting solution turns red litmus paper blue and has a pH OH Na>>7.H + H2O H2 + Na Wr ...
Worked Example 19.1
... Worked Example 19.6 Identifying Coenzymes Identify the substrate, product, and coenzyme in the reaction shown below. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. ...
... Worked Example 19.6 Identifying Coenzymes Identify the substrate, product, and coenzyme in the reaction shown below. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. ...
Lecture 8a - UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry
... will not have to use the Claisen adapter • All joints have to be lightly lubricated to provide a tighter seal • The air condenser is placed on the side arm of the Claisen adapter (do not forget the wet paper towels) • The rubber septum is placed on the straight neck and has to be folded over in orde ...
... will not have to use the Claisen adapter • All joints have to be lightly lubricated to provide a tighter seal • The air condenser is placed on the side arm of the Claisen adapter (do not forget the wet paper towels) • The rubber septum is placed on the straight neck and has to be folded over in orde ...
Reactions at Benzylic Carbons Carboxylic Acids and Reduction
... Heteroatom electron donors add reversibly to C=O groups. Equilibrium driven to the left by: ...
... Heteroatom electron donors add reversibly to C=O groups. Equilibrium driven to the left by: ...
Synthesis of Ligands for the Functionalization of Magnetic
... Results and Discussion The initial tests of the Mukaiyama-Aldol reaction provide valuable insight into the use of reusable catalysts. All three reactions are analyzed by 1H NMR. The NMR of the reaction with no ligand shows no product being made. This supports the necessity of the ligand in catalyzin ...
... Results and Discussion The initial tests of the Mukaiyama-Aldol reaction provide valuable insight into the use of reusable catalysts. All three reactions are analyzed by 1H NMR. The NMR of the reaction with no ligand shows no product being made. This supports the necessity of the ligand in catalyzin ...
136KB - NZQA
... Two products are formed in this reaction because propene is an asymmetric alkene. When another asymmetric molecule such as hydrogen chloride, HCl, is added to it, there are two possible products. One product is produced in greater quantities (the major product) than the other (minor product). The ru ...
... Two products are formed in this reaction because propene is an asymmetric alkene. When another asymmetric molecule such as hydrogen chloride, HCl, is added to it, there are two possible products. One product is produced in greater quantities (the major product) than the other (minor product). The ru ...
O R` R
... halides via an SN2 mechanism. • A strong base (usually an alkyllithium or phenyllithium) is required to remove a proton from the intermediate alkyltriphenylphosphonium salt. (C 6H5)3P ...
... halides via an SN2 mechanism. • A strong base (usually an alkyllithium or phenyllithium) is required to remove a proton from the intermediate alkyltriphenylphosphonium salt. (C 6H5)3P ...
HL ISSN: 2231 – 3087(print) / 2230 – 9632 (Online)
... The other hydride reducing reagents reported for the reductive amination are- boron-pyridine (BH3-Py)xa, Ti(OiPr)4/NaBH3CNxb, borohydride exchange resinxia, Zn/AcOHxib, NaBH4/Mg(ClO4)2xic, Zn(BH4)2/ZnCl2xid, etc. Some reports of electrochemical reductive amination have been also reportedxii. After ...
... The other hydride reducing reagents reported for the reductive amination are- boron-pyridine (BH3-Py)xa, Ti(OiPr)4/NaBH3CNxb, borohydride exchange resinxia, Zn/AcOHxib, NaBH4/Mg(ClO4)2xic, Zn(BH4)2/ZnCl2xid, etc. Some reports of electrochemical reductive amination have been also reportedxii. After ...
Mechanism of Dissolving Metal Reduction
... • The trans alkene is formed because the vinyl carbanion intermediate that is formed is more stable when the larger R groups are further away from each other to avoid steric interactions. • Protonation of this anion leads to the more stable trans adduct. ...
... • The trans alkene is formed because the vinyl carbanion intermediate that is formed is more stable when the larger R groups are further away from each other to avoid steric interactions. • Protonation of this anion leads to the more stable trans adduct. ...
Lesmahagow High School CfE Advanced Higher Chemistry Unit 2
... The addition of water to an alkene is done in the presence of an acid catalyst. Again this process can produce more than one product. The more likely product of the reaction can be predicted by using Markovnikov’s rule. When water adds across an asymmetrical double bond the major product formed is t ...
... The addition of water to an alkene is done in the presence of an acid catalyst. Again this process can produce more than one product. The more likely product of the reaction can be predicted by using Markovnikov’s rule. When water adds across an asymmetrical double bond the major product formed is t ...
Chapter 19. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition
... • Addition of amines with an atom containing a lone pair of electrons on the adjacent atom occurs very readily, giving useful, stable imines • For example, hydroxylamine forms oximes and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine readily forms 2,4dinitrophenylhydrazones – These are usually solids and help in charac ...
... • Addition of amines with an atom containing a lone pair of electrons on the adjacent atom occurs very readily, giving useful, stable imines • For example, hydroxylamine forms oximes and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine readily forms 2,4dinitrophenylhydrazones – These are usually solids and help in charac ...
Wolff–Kishner reduction
The Wolff–Kishner reduction is a reaction used in organic chemistry to convert carbonyl functionalities into methylene groups. In the context of complex molecule synthesis, it is most frequently employed to remove a carbonyl group after it has served its synthetic purpose of activating an intermediate in a preceding step. As such, there is no obvious retron for this reaction. Originally reported by Nikolai Kischner in 1911 and Ludwig Wolff in 1912, it has been applied to the total synthesis of scopadulcic acid B, aspidospermidine and dysidiolide.In general, the reaction mechanism first involves the in situ generation of a hydrazone by condensation of hydrazine with the ketone or aldehyde substrate. Sometimes it is however advantageous to use a pre-formed hydrazone as substrate (see modifications). The hydrazone is deprotonated by alkoxide base followed by a concerted, rate-determining step in which a diimide anion is formed. Collapse of this alkyldiimde with loss of N2 leads to formation of an alkylanion which can be protonated by solvent to give the desired product.Because the Wolff–Kishner reduction requires highly basic conditions, it is unsuitable for base-sensitive substrates. However, this method can be superior over the related Clemmensen reduction for acid-sensitive compounds such as pyrroles and for high-molecular weight compounds.