10 Introduction to organic chemistry
... ethane, all the bonds are σ-bonds, so there is no centre of high-electron density. The propagation step of the photochemical substitution reaction with ethane involves the reaction of a bromine radical with an ethane molecule. This is a slow reaction. It is energetically unfavourable because of the ...
... ethane, all the bonds are σ-bonds, so there is no centre of high-electron density. The propagation step of the photochemical substitution reaction with ethane involves the reaction of a bromine radical with an ethane molecule. This is a slow reaction. It is energetically unfavourable because of the ...
OrganicChem10 RxPaths SOLUTIONS (2014)
... Chemists in a variety of industries need to design reactions to make certain organic compounds. Many organic compounds are derived from crude oil products – alkanes or alkenes. The individual reactions you have looked can be linked together to make a particular product from a particular reactant, vi ...
... Chemists in a variety of industries need to design reactions to make certain organic compounds. Many organic compounds are derived from crude oil products – alkanes or alkenes. The individual reactions you have looked can be linked together to make a particular product from a particular reactant, vi ...
World of Carbon Flashcards
... on heating. They consist of polymer Thermosetting plastics do not soften or chains which have only weak forces melt on heating on account of a highly (typically van der Waals’) between cross-linked structure. them. Triglycerides are molecules formed through the condensation of one glycerol molecule ...
... on heating. They consist of polymer Thermosetting plastics do not soften or chains which have only weak forces melt on heating on account of a highly (typically van der Waals’) between cross-linked structure. them. Triglycerides are molecules formed through the condensation of one glycerol molecule ...
Glossary of Key Terms in Chapter Two
... oxidation (of alcohols) (12.6) the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion; in organic compounds, the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen; e.g., the conversion of an alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone via the use of an oxidizing agent. phenol (12.7) an organic compound that contains a hydroxyl gr ...
... oxidation (of alcohols) (12.6) the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion; in organic compounds, the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen; e.g., the conversion of an alcohol to an aldehyde or ketone via the use of an oxidizing agent. phenol (12.7) an organic compound that contains a hydroxyl gr ...
Organometallic Reagents: Sources of Nucleophilic Carbon for
... If the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde or ketone could be attacked by a nucleophilic carbon atom, R:-, instead of a hydride ion, both an alcohol and a new carbon-carbon bond would be formed. The class of compounds called organometallic reagents are strong bases and good nucleophiles and are useful in ...
... If the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde or ketone could be attacked by a nucleophilic carbon atom, R:-, instead of a hydride ion, both an alcohol and a new carbon-carbon bond would be formed. The class of compounds called organometallic reagents are strong bases and good nucleophiles and are useful in ...
Topic 16 Assessed Homework - A
... Identify a reagent which could be used in a test-tube reaction to distinguish between E and F. In each case, state what you would observe. Reagent ............................................................................................. Observation with E ........................................ ...
... Identify a reagent which could be used in a test-tube reaction to distinguish between E and F. In each case, state what you would observe. Reagent ............................................................................................. Observation with E ........................................ ...
haloalkanes (halogenoalkanes)
... This form of nucleophilic substitution discussed so far is known as SN2; it is a bimolecular process. An alternative method involves the initial breaking of the C-X bond to form a carbocation, or carbonium ion, (a unimolecular process - SN1 mechanism), which is then attacked by the nucleophile. SN1 ...
... This form of nucleophilic substitution discussed so far is known as SN2; it is a bimolecular process. An alternative method involves the initial breaking of the C-X bond to form a carbocation, or carbonium ion, (a unimolecular process - SN1 mechanism), which is then attacked by the nucleophile. SN1 ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034
... 4. Write the Woodward Hoffmann rules for electrocyclization reaction. 5. Explain the change in the geometry of excited state molecule in a photochemical process and the variation in its physical property. 6. What is Norrish type I and II cleavage reactions? Give suitable examples. 7. What are the im ...
... 4. Write the Woodward Hoffmann rules for electrocyclization reaction. 5. Explain the change in the geometry of excited state molecule in a photochemical process and the variation in its physical property. 6. What is Norrish type I and II cleavage reactions? Give suitable examples. 7. What are the im ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034
... 18. Explain the mechanism of markownikoff and antimarkownikoff addition of propene. 19. Write short notes on a)hydroboration reaction b) addition polymerization reaction 20. Explain the mode of hybridization of carbon in methane, ethylene and acetylene. 21. Explain cis and trans addition with an exa ...
... 18. Explain the mechanism of markownikoff and antimarkownikoff addition of propene. 19. Write short notes on a)hydroboration reaction b) addition polymerization reaction 20. Explain the mode of hybridization of carbon in methane, ethylene and acetylene. 21. Explain cis and trans addition with an exa ...
Document
... halogens > O, S >> N, C. This cleavage is heterolytic, and requires that the charge site migrates. This means that this reaction is less favoured than radical-site reactions. 4) Decomposition of cyclic structures To produce a fragment from a ring, 2 bonds must be broken. If only one bond is cleaved, ...
... halogens > O, S >> N, C. This cleavage is heterolytic, and requires that the charge site migrates. This means that this reaction is less favoured than radical-site reactions. 4) Decomposition of cyclic structures To produce a fragment from a ring, 2 bonds must be broken. If only one bond is cleaved, ...
Lecture 28 - The Cook Group @ NDSU
... alcohols with mineral acids. This reaction only works with 3° alcohols as the mechanism involves the loss of water to form a carbocation and subsequent addition of halide. H OH ...
... alcohols with mineral acids. This reaction only works with 3° alcohols as the mechanism involves the loss of water to form a carbocation and subsequent addition of halide. H OH ...
File
... The reaction between bromoethane, CH3CH2Br, and potassium cyanide is an example of a nucleophilic substitution reaction. (i) ...
... The reaction between bromoethane, CH3CH2Br, and potassium cyanide is an example of a nucleophilic substitution reaction. (i) ...
+ Y
... has an electron-poor atom (e.g H+, CH3+ ) and can form a bond by accepting a pair of electrons from a nucleophile ...
... has an electron-poor atom (e.g H+, CH3+ ) and can form a bond by accepting a pair of electrons from a nucleophile ...
Functional Groups - SISIBChemistry2012
... ammonia. This is due to the alkyl group stabilizing, by acting as electron donating groups, which stabilize the cation (+ charge). Examine the Kb values. - However in amides, the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen is involved in delocalized π-bonding with the electrons in the –C=O double bond. T ...
... ammonia. This is due to the alkyl group stabilizing, by acting as electron donating groups, which stabilize the cation (+ charge). Examine the Kb values. - However in amides, the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen is involved in delocalized π-bonding with the electrons in the –C=O double bond. T ...
Dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol
... History and Application: Alcohols are readily dehydrated to alkenes by using an acid catalyst i. In Brazil, where ethanol is a readily available, ethylene is made by a dehydration route. The ethylene is then made into the plastic polyethylene. In this way the plastic is made not from petroleum produ ...
... History and Application: Alcohols are readily dehydrated to alkenes by using an acid catalyst i. In Brazil, where ethanol is a readily available, ethylene is made by a dehydration route. The ethylene is then made into the plastic polyethylene. In this way the plastic is made not from petroleum produ ...
What is an addition reaction
... In a condensation reaction, two organic molecules react together to produce one larger organic molecule and a molecule of water. For this type of reaction to occur, one of the molecules must have a hydroxyl group, and the other must have an active site with hydrogens, such as another hydroxyl group, ...
... In a condensation reaction, two organic molecules react together to produce one larger organic molecule and a molecule of water. For this type of reaction to occur, one of the molecules must have a hydroxyl group, and the other must have an active site with hydrogens, such as another hydroxyl group, ...
Chapter 4 - The Study of Chemical Reactions
... 3. Problem 17a and b The halonium ion model in Exercise 2 is presumably an intermediate in these reactions. Note that the two carbon atoms of the double bond are not identical. Since the more highly substituted carbon bears more positive charge than the less substituted carbon, attack by the nucleop ...
... 3. Problem 17a and b The halonium ion model in Exercise 2 is presumably an intermediate in these reactions. Note that the two carbon atoms of the double bond are not identical. Since the more highly substituted carbon bears more positive charge than the less substituted carbon, attack by the nucleop ...
Week 6 Solutions - Brown University Wiki
... is carbon number 4 as it already has three bonds to carbon. If the alcohol oxygen made a bond with carbon 4, it would form the ring system in the product. But how do we make a bond with carbon 4? So far, we have seem bonds formed between electrophiles and nucleophiles. Since oxygen has lone pairs, i ...
... is carbon number 4 as it already has three bonds to carbon. If the alcohol oxygen made a bond with carbon 4, it would form the ring system in the product. But how do we make a bond with carbon 4? So far, we have seem bonds formed between electrophiles and nucleophiles. Since oxygen has lone pairs, i ...
lec-2- 211(ES +Add)
... •Which is an empirical rule based on Markovnikov's experimental observations on the addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes. •The rule states that : "when an unsymmetrical alkene reacts with a hydrogen halide to give an alkyl halide, the hydrogen adds to the carbon of the alkene that has the greater ...
... •Which is an empirical rule based on Markovnikov's experimental observations on the addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes. •The rule states that : "when an unsymmetrical alkene reacts with a hydrogen halide to give an alkyl halide, the hydrogen adds to the carbon of the alkene that has the greater ...
Formative 3.5 2014
... (ii) Amino acids can form polymers because at each end of the molecule is a functional group that can react with a functional group from neighbouring molecules. (b) To be able to form enantiomers a molecule must have a chiral atom – one to which four different groups are attached. This enables the f ...
... (ii) Amino acids can form polymers because at each end of the molecule is a functional group that can react with a functional group from neighbouring molecules. (b) To be able to form enantiomers a molecule must have a chiral atom – one to which four different groups are attached. This enables the f ...
Unit 3: Reactions of Alkenes. Thermodynamics and Kinetics
... The more stable the compound, the greater its concentration at equilibrium ...
... The more stable the compound, the greater its concentration at equilibrium ...
Topic 10 IB Chemistry Definitions
... A reaction in which the reactant is added across a C=C bond, converting it to a C-C bond. Addition reactions with water requires an H2SO4 catalyst. Addition reactions with hydrogen use Ni as catalyst. ...
... A reaction in which the reactant is added across a C=C bond, converting it to a C-C bond. Addition reactions with water requires an H2SO4 catalyst. Addition reactions with hydrogen use Ni as catalyst. ...
Combustion, Addition and Elimination Objective Combustion Example
... It may be possible to have more than one product from a reaction. Example: but-1-ene + hydrogen fluoride. ...
... It may be possible to have more than one product from a reaction. Example: but-1-ene + hydrogen fluoride. ...
Preparation of an Alkyl Halide Nucleophilic Substitution, S
... Nucleophilic Substitution All good nucleophiles in this reaction possess ...
... Nucleophilic Substitution All good nucleophiles in this reaction possess ...
Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement
The Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement (TDR) is the chemical reaction of a 1-aminomethyl-cycloalkanol with nitrous acid to form an enlarged cycloketone.The Tiffeneau–Demjanov ring expansion, Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement, or TDR, provides an easy way to increase amino-substituted cycloalkanes and cycloalkanols in size by one carbon. Ring sizes from cyclopropane through cyclooctane are able to undergo Tiffeneau–Demjanov ring expansion with some degree of success. Yields decrease as initial ring size increases, and the ideal use of TDR is for synthesis of five, six, and seven membered rings. A principal synthetic application of Tiffeneau–Demjanov ring expansion is to bicyclic or polycyclic systems. Several reviews on this reaction have been published.