A Critical Review of Secondary Neurodegeneration
... molecular structure that allows it to assume a large variety of configurations within the central nervous system, each of which appears to result in quite distinct biological effects [13,14]. This issue of specificity with respect to configuration state of amyloid-β is not simply academic matter for ...
... molecular structure that allows it to assume a large variety of configurations within the central nervous system, each of which appears to result in quite distinct biological effects [13,14]. This issue of specificity with respect to configuration state of amyloid-β is not simply academic matter for ...
Axonal Localization of Integrins in the CNS Is Neuronal Type and
... blocks this growth through inactivation of integrins (Tan et al., 2011). Forced activation of integrins can allow axons to overcome this inhibition (Hu and Strittmatter, 2008; Tan et al. 2011). By increasing the pool of ␣9 integrin in DRG neurons using adeno-associated virus (AAV), a modest increase ...
... blocks this growth through inactivation of integrins (Tan et al., 2011). Forced activation of integrins can allow axons to overcome this inhibition (Hu and Strittmatter, 2008; Tan et al. 2011). By increasing the pool of ␣9 integrin in DRG neurons using adeno-associated virus (AAV), a modest increase ...
Stereoscopic Processing of Absolute and Relative Disparity in
... stimuli under two conditions, one in which the attribute of interest remains constant, thus causing adaptation in neurons sensitive to this attribute, and one in which the attribute is varied so as to avoid adaptation. Any reduction in the fMRI signal should be a consequence of the reduction in resp ...
... stimuli under two conditions, one in which the attribute of interest remains constant, thus causing adaptation in neurons sensitive to this attribute, and one in which the attribute is varied so as to avoid adaptation. Any reduction in the fMRI signal should be a consequence of the reduction in resp ...
Short title: Thalamocortical computations during tactile sensation
... a brief increase in spike rate (0.6 spikes per touch) (Fig. 1e). The peri-stimulus time histogram ...
... a brief increase in spike rate (0.6 spikes per touch) (Fig. 1e). The peri-stimulus time histogram ...
location and function of serotonin in the central and peripheral
... of serotoninergic neurons in the cerebral ganglion complex and the pathways along which these neurons process antennal, visual, and intracerebral information are described in Chapter 2. The location of serotoninergic neuron cell bodies in the ventral nerve cord and their specialized role in inter- a ...
... of serotoninergic neurons in the cerebral ganglion complex and the pathways along which these neurons process antennal, visual, and intracerebral information are described in Chapter 2. The location of serotoninergic neuron cell bodies in the ventral nerve cord and their specialized role in inter- a ...
Nap, a Novel Member of the Pentraxin Family, Promotes Neurite
... as a function of the activity of specific neuronal circuits. This capacity is believed to underlie learning and memory as well as aspects of postnatal development of the brain (Shatz, 1990). Cellular mechanisms underlying activity-dependent plasticity are known to be initiated by rapid, transmitter- ...
... as a function of the activity of specific neuronal circuits. This capacity is believed to underlie learning and memory as well as aspects of postnatal development of the brain (Shatz, 1990). Cellular mechanisms underlying activity-dependent plasticity are known to be initiated by rapid, transmitter- ...
thyroid hormones in brain development and
... astrocytes, in proportions that depend on the developmental stage. T4 and T3 are degraded by Dio3 present in neurons. Entry of T4 and T3 in brain is facilitated by specific transmembrane transporters, mainly the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (Mct8) and the organic anion transporter polypeptide 1c1 ( ...
... astrocytes, in proportions that depend on the developmental stage. T4 and T3 are degraded by Dio3 present in neurons. Entry of T4 and T3 in brain is facilitated by specific transmembrane transporters, mainly the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (Mct8) and the organic anion transporter polypeptide 1c1 ( ...
Structure of Receptive Fields in Area 3b of Primary Somatosensory
... determines the neuronal response to complex spatial patterns scanned across the skin. Several lines of evidence suggest that the neural signals that underlie the perception of tactile form and texture on the glabrous skin of the primate fingerpad are conveyed initially by the population of slowly ad ...
... determines the neuronal response to complex spatial patterns scanned across the skin. Several lines of evidence suggest that the neural signals that underlie the perception of tactile form and texture on the glabrous skin of the primate fingerpad are conveyed initially by the population of slowly ad ...
Empathic choice involves vmPFC value signals that are modulated
... There were two types of subjects in the experiment: one passive subject and 32 active subjects. The role of the passive subject was to be the recipient of the active subjects’ decisions. Active subjects made decisions inside the scanner in two types of trials performed on different days (average lag ...
... There were two types of subjects in the experiment: one passive subject and 32 active subjects. The role of the passive subject was to be the recipient of the active subjects’ decisions. Active subjects made decisions inside the scanner in two types of trials performed on different days (average lag ...
Postnatal Development of the Corticospinal Tract in the Reeler Mouse
... Corticospinal tract (CST) neurons are located in layer V of the motor cortex, and send their axons to the spinal motoneurons, directly (5, 23) or indirectly (2, 35). The CST forms the longest axonal projection in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The development of CST axons is the latest ...
... Corticospinal tract (CST) neurons are located in layer V of the motor cortex, and send their axons to the spinal motoneurons, directly (5, 23) or indirectly (2, 35). The CST forms the longest axonal projection in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The development of CST axons is the latest ...
Supplementary Information (doc 1146K)
... dimensions as A) has singular values, arranged in descending order, that are proportional to total variance of data matrix explained by its corresponding eigenvariate, and is diagonal, and VT has rows that are the right singular vectors (spatial eigenmaps, representing the loading of each voxel onto ...
... dimensions as A) has singular values, arranged in descending order, that are proportional to total variance of data matrix explained by its corresponding eigenvariate, and is diagonal, and VT has rows that are the right singular vectors (spatial eigenmaps, representing the loading of each voxel onto ...
Morphine effects on monetary reward - DUO
... involving several neurotransmitter systems. Further understanding of causal mechanisms and nuances of these systems and phases of reward processing is a major aim for current reward research. Reward circuitry in the brain A number of cortical and subcortical brain regions have been implicated in rew ...
... involving several neurotransmitter systems. Further understanding of causal mechanisms and nuances of these systems and phases of reward processing is a major aim for current reward research. Reward circuitry in the brain A number of cortical and subcortical brain regions have been implicated in rew ...
FREE Sample Here
... b. the creation of chemical transmitters by electrical energy. c. an exchange of positive and negative ions through the cell membrane. Correct: It is through the exchange of negative and positive ions through the cell membrane that a neuron is capable of “firing,” or releasing neurotransmitters. d. ...
... b. the creation of chemical transmitters by electrical energy. c. an exchange of positive and negative ions through the cell membrane. Correct: It is through the exchange of negative and positive ions through the cell membrane that a neuron is capable of “firing,” or releasing neurotransmitters. d. ...
concurrent, distributed control of saccade initiation in the frontal eye
... Although this latter model is the mathematical equivalent of variable threshold, it would be implemented very differently in the brain. The alternative models cannot be ...
... Although this latter model is the mathematical equivalent of variable threshold, it would be implemented very differently in the brain. The alternative models cannot be ...
The Development of Ocular Dominance Columns
... which its cells are connected to their inputs. Such precise connections are fonned during nonnal development in large part by the rearrangement of initial connections whose pattern is much more diffuse. The cortical network reorganizes itself under the influence of its own neural activity. The notio ...
... which its cells are connected to their inputs. Such precise connections are fonned during nonnal development in large part by the rearrangement of initial connections whose pattern is much more diffuse. The cortical network reorganizes itself under the influence of its own neural activity. The notio ...
GABA-Based Evaluation of Neurologic Conditions: MR Spectroscopy
... GABA, glutamine, glutamate, glucose, and others.7 These attempts have not always been successful due to difficulties in extracting this type of information from spectra with overlapping resonant peaks. Another limitation of current MR spectroscopy methods concerns the difficulty of comparing levels ...
... GABA, glutamine, glutamate, glucose, and others.7 These attempts have not always been successful due to difficulties in extracting this type of information from spectra with overlapping resonant peaks. Another limitation of current MR spectroscopy methods concerns the difficulty of comparing levels ...
NEURAL NETWORKS
... To realize the full benefits of adaptivity, the principal time constants of the system should be long enough for the system to ignore spurious (L. spurius, false) disturbances and yet short enough to respond to meaningful changes in the environment; the problem described here is referred to as the s ...
... To realize the full benefits of adaptivity, the principal time constants of the system should be long enough for the system to ignore spurious (L. spurius, false) disturbances and yet short enough to respond to meaningful changes in the environment; the problem described here is referred to as the s ...
Growth and Targeting of Subplate Axons and Establishment of Major
... extend subcortically by passing through an axonal pathway, termed the internal capsule, that forms in the basal telencephalon. Layer 6 axons extend through the internal capsule and directly into the thalamus. Layer 5 axons pass through the full extent of the internal capsule and extend into its cont ...
... extend subcortically by passing through an axonal pathway, termed the internal capsule, that forms in the basal telencephalon. Layer 6 axons extend through the internal capsule and directly into the thalamus. Layer 5 axons pass through the full extent of the internal capsule and extend into its cont ...
Anatomy of Olivocochlear Neurons
... The ratio of LOC to MOC neurons is also variable among species. In the extreme, a bat species similar to the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus rouxi, lacks MOC neurons; in contrast, guinea pigs have approximately equal numbers of LOC and MOC neurons (Aschoff and Ostwald 1987). In cats and mice, the percent ...
... The ratio of LOC to MOC neurons is also variable among species. In the extreme, a bat species similar to the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus rouxi, lacks MOC neurons; in contrast, guinea pigs have approximately equal numbers of LOC and MOC neurons (Aschoff and Ostwald 1987). In cats and mice, the percent ...
superior Medullary Velum
... interpeduncular fossa, cerebral peduncle, midbrain, cerebellar cortex, inferior colliculus, lingula and vermis is reported to be from the vermian artery originating from the posterior cerebral artery (25). We did not study the vascular anatomy and only fiber dissection and immunohistochemical analys ...
... interpeduncular fossa, cerebral peduncle, midbrain, cerebellar cortex, inferior colliculus, lingula and vermis is reported to be from the vermian artery originating from the posterior cerebral artery (25). We did not study the vascular anatomy and only fiber dissection and immunohistochemical analys ...
C:\Vision\15Higher level Pt 2.wpd
... 1.2.3 on the phylogeny of vision. This material highlights the fact that a selection of primates can no longer be used in research related to the maximum performance of the human visual system. The system contains components and circuits that are either rudimentary or absent in these lower species. ...
... 1.2.3 on the phylogeny of vision. This material highlights the fact that a selection of primates can no longer be used in research related to the maximum performance of the human visual system. The system contains components and circuits that are either rudimentary or absent in these lower species. ...
View PDF - MRC BNDU - University of Oxford
... markers, their pattern of connectivity and the behavioural processes in which they participate. Three main transmitter phenotypes have been described, cholinergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic, and yet electrophysiological evidence suggests heterogeneity within these subtypes. To gain further insight ...
... markers, their pattern of connectivity and the behavioural processes in which they participate. Three main transmitter phenotypes have been described, cholinergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic, and yet electrophysiological evidence suggests heterogeneity within these subtypes. To gain further insight ...
Sample
... b. the creation of chemical transmitters by electrical energy. c. an exchange of positive and negative ions through the cell membrane. Correct: It is through the exchange of negative and positive ions through the cell membrane that a neuron is capable of “firing,” or releasing neurotransmitters. d. ...
... b. the creation of chemical transmitters by electrical energy. c. an exchange of positive and negative ions through the cell membrane. Correct: It is through the exchange of negative and positive ions through the cell membrane that a neuron is capable of “firing,” or releasing neurotransmitters. d. ...
Csercsa Richárd
... of the most heritable traits of humans (De Gennaro et al., Ann Neurol, 2008). ...
... of the most heritable traits of humans (De Gennaro et al., Ann Neurol, 2008). ...
Lateral Hypothalamus Contains Two Types of Palatability
... Recording sessions typically lasted less than an hour and consisted of 15–20 repeats of each of the five taste stimuli, for a total of 75–100 separate taste deliveries. We have previously shown that palatability and neural responses are stable across this length of session and volume of fluid consum ...
... Recording sessions typically lasted less than an hour and consisted of 15–20 repeats of each of the five taste stimuli, for a total of 75–100 separate taste deliveries. We have previously shown that palatability and neural responses are stable across this length of session and volume of fluid consum ...
Connectome
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.