University of Groningen Gustatory neural processing in the
... range of taste sensation 106. Moreover, molecules that elicit similar verbal reports of taste from humans or neural activity in gustatory afferent nerves often bear little chemical relation to one another. For example, many mono- and disaccharides taste sweet to humans. Not all sugars however, taste ...
... range of taste sensation 106. Moreover, molecules that elicit similar verbal reports of taste from humans or neural activity in gustatory afferent nerves often bear little chemical relation to one another. For example, many mono- and disaccharides taste sweet to humans. Not all sugars however, taste ...
... complications, which need to be considered in treatment. Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), such as structural MRI and functional MRI, improves the neuroanatomical and neurofunctional analysis of addiction-related changes. Several studies have shown that addiction alters the dopaminergic mesoc ...
Structure and Function of the Brain Serotonin System
... Before proceeding, it is important to obtain some general feeling for the numbers involved when we discuss 5-HT anatomy in the CNS. It may seem somewhat surprising that so much has been written about so little, i.e., the neurons in the entire mammalian CNS number in the billions, whereas serotonergi ...
... Before proceeding, it is important to obtain some general feeling for the numbers involved when we discuss 5-HT anatomy in the CNS. It may seem somewhat surprising that so much has been written about so little, i.e., the neurons in the entire mammalian CNS number in the billions, whereas serotonergi ...
Effort and Valuation in the Brain
... Force measurements. Participants used their dominant hand to squeeze. For force calibration, we measured fmax three times and calibrated grip levels based on the highest value of Figure 2. A,. Force data from one trial from one subject with its sigmoid fit line and first derivative to smooth the dat ...
... Force measurements. Participants used their dominant hand to squeeze. For force calibration, we measured fmax three times and calibrated grip levels based on the highest value of Figure 2. A,. Force data from one trial from one subject with its sigmoid fit line and first derivative to smooth the dat ...
Projections of the median raphe nucleus in the rat
... reticular formation, we (Vertes and Martin, 1988) examined the ascending projections of the MR to the diencephalon, basal forebrain, and hippocampal formation by using the autoradiographic technique. Although our report described projections to these regions, it also was incomplete in that certain a ...
... reticular formation, we (Vertes and Martin, 1988) examined the ascending projections of the MR to the diencephalon, basal forebrain, and hippocampal formation by using the autoradiographic technique. Although our report described projections to these regions, it also was incomplete in that certain a ...
Somatosensory processes subserving perception and action
... been suggested. Brochier et al. (1994) and Rossetti and colleagues proposed that thalamic projections to the PPC, bypassing the APC and the VPL, may be responsible (Rossetti 1998; Rossetti et al. 2001). Brochier et al. (1994) and Rossetti et al. (2001) identified projections from the posterior later ...
... been suggested. Brochier et al. (1994) and Rossetti and colleagues proposed that thalamic projections to the PPC, bypassing the APC and the VPL, may be responsible (Rossetti 1998; Rossetti et al. 2001). Brochier et al. (1994) and Rossetti et al. (2001) identified projections from the posterior later ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... further, but concentrate instead on the form of plasticity observed in retinotectal connections and neocortical and hippocampal pyramidal cells (Fig. 2a and b). This form of LTP timing dependence provides a mechanism for realizing Hebb's original hypothesis that synapses are strengthened only when p ...
... further, but concentrate instead on the form of plasticity observed in retinotectal connections and neocortical and hippocampal pyramidal cells (Fig. 2a and b). This form of LTP timing dependence provides a mechanism for realizing Hebb's original hypothesis that synapses are strengthened only when p ...
Transgenic Mouse Lines Subdivide Medial Vestibular Nucleus
... This work was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and National Institutes of Health Grant EY11027 (S.d.L.) and by a National Science Foundation graduate fellowship and a Salk Institute association grant (M.W.B.). We are grateful to I. van Welie for initial data on the GIN mice; L. Glick ...
... This work was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and National Institutes of Health Grant EY11027 (S.d.L.) and by a National Science Foundation graduate fellowship and a Salk Institute association grant (M.W.B.). We are grateful to I. van Welie for initial data on the GIN mice; L. Glick ...
Projections of the paraventricular and paratenial nuclei
... nucleus and subparaventricular zone of the hypothalamus. These results, coupled with the demonstration that PV receives input from all major components of the circadian system including SCN, led Moga et al. (1995) to conclude that, “the anterior PV is ideally situated to relay circadian timing infor ...
... nucleus and subparaventricular zone of the hypothalamus. These results, coupled with the demonstration that PV receives input from all major components of the circadian system including SCN, led Moga et al. (1995) to conclude that, “the anterior PV is ideally situated to relay circadian timing infor ...
Sample
... A) a neuron either fires or does not fire. B) a neuron fires at full strength or not at all. C) all the dendrites must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all. D) all axons must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all. Correct: ...
... A) a neuron either fires or does not fire. B) a neuron fires at full strength or not at all. C) all the dendrites must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all. D) all axons must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all. Correct: ...
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors evoke distinct responses in
... of 356 colour-coded spheres indicating the responses and stereotaxic coordinates of neurons tested with sequential stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Neurons monitored at the same coordinates are represented by adjacent vertically ‘stacked’ spheres. The stereotaxic coordinates of ...
... of 356 colour-coded spheres indicating the responses and stereotaxic coordinates of neurons tested with sequential stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Neurons monitored at the same coordinates are represented by adjacent vertically ‘stacked’ spheres. The stereotaxic coordinates of ...
jneurosci.org - INI Institute of Neuroinformatics
... spherical Gaussian kernel of width (or SD) h (Scott, 1992). Each local maximum of the density landscape is a peak of a mountain and the set of boutons forming the mountain defines the cluster. To determine which boutons belong to the mountain, boutons are moved along the local gradient until a local ...
... spherical Gaussian kernel of width (or SD) h (Scott, 1992). Each local maximum of the density landscape is a peak of a mountain and the set of boutons forming the mountain defines the cluster. To determine which boutons belong to the mountain, boutons are moved along the local gradient until a local ...
Different levels of Ih determine distinct temporal integration in
... and basilar dendrites (see Fig. 6A). A Scholl analysis (Scholl, 1953) of dendrite crossings as a function of distance from the soma (see Fig. 6B) concurred with previously reported data on the morphology of subicular neurons (Staff et al. 2000). Because the aim of our model study was to investigate ...
... and basilar dendrites (see Fig. 6A). A Scholl analysis (Scholl, 1953) of dendrite crossings as a function of distance from the soma (see Fig. 6B) concurred with previously reported data on the morphology of subicular neurons (Staff et al. 2000). Because the aim of our model study was to investigate ...
Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions
... Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions related to psychiatric disorders Albert Batalla Cases ...
... Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions related to psychiatric disorders Albert Batalla Cases ...
Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex
... It was not until later in the 19th century, however, when improved anesthesia and aseptic surgical techniques allowed direct experimental study of the cerebral cortex in live subjects, that conclusive experimental evidence for a discrete region of the cerebral cortex devoted to motor function was po ...
... It was not until later in the 19th century, however, when improved anesthesia and aseptic surgical techniques allowed direct experimental study of the cerebral cortex in live subjects, that conclusive experimental evidence for a discrete region of the cerebral cortex devoted to motor function was po ...
L-Dopa and Brain Serotonin System Dysfunction
... Another consequence of this “off-target” effect is that L-dopa can become toxic to 5-HT systems. One mechanism of 5-HT neurotoxicity appears to be related to oxidative stress produced by L-dopa-induced supraphysiologic concentrations of dopamine. Dopamine has long been known to be a potent oxidant [ ...
... Another consequence of this “off-target” effect is that L-dopa can become toxic to 5-HT systems. One mechanism of 5-HT neurotoxicity appears to be related to oxidative stress produced by L-dopa-induced supraphysiologic concentrations of dopamine. Dopamine has long been known to be a potent oxidant [ ...
Neurobiology of ADHD Gail Tripp , Review
... candidates discussed here in Fig. 1. At the top level shown in the figure are symptom lists and criteria for diagnosis. These do not identify etiology, pathophysiology, or the neural systems involved. However, they have been the basis of defining study populations for research into ADHD mechanisms. At ...
... candidates discussed here in Fig. 1. At the top level shown in the figure are symptom lists and criteria for diagnosis. These do not identify etiology, pathophysiology, or the neural systems involved. However, they have been the basis of defining study populations for research into ADHD mechanisms. At ...
Tuning Curve Shift by Attention Modulation in Cortical Neurons: a
... J1 = 6.38, A0 = 0 and A1 = 0.5. With this choice of parameters tuning curves in the second layer have approximately the same tuning width than receptive fields in the recurrent model, and are ~3.5 times larger than first-layer RFs. Notice also that by choosing T = 0 and S0 = 0, neurons in the first lay ...
... J1 = 6.38, A0 = 0 and A1 = 0.5. With this choice of parameters tuning curves in the second layer have approximately the same tuning width than receptive fields in the recurrent model, and are ~3.5 times larger than first-layer RFs. Notice also that by choosing T = 0 and S0 = 0, neurons in the first lay ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... VLSM of phonological errors would implicate cortices of the dorsal stream, the ventral stream or both. Additionally, within the dorsal stream, we were interested in discerning and possibly differentiating the contribution of posterior and anterior sectors. Table 1 lists the three alternative hypothe ...
... VLSM of phonological errors would implicate cortices of the dorsal stream, the ventral stream or both. Additionally, within the dorsal stream, we were interested in discerning and possibly differentiating the contribution of posterior and anterior sectors. Table 1 lists the three alternative hypothe ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
... might be due to redundant peripheral and central sensory mechanisms that are inherent in the thermoregulatory system to secure the maintenance of thermal homeostasis. There are several findings suggesting a role of TRPV1 in thermoregulatory and metabolic functions. TRPV1 is a TRP channel that can be ...
... might be due to redundant peripheral and central sensory mechanisms that are inherent in the thermoregulatory system to secure the maintenance of thermal homeostasis. There are several findings suggesting a role of TRPV1 in thermoregulatory and metabolic functions. TRPV1 is a TRP channel that can be ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
... might be due to redundant peripheral and central sensory mechanisms that are inherent in the thermoregulatory system to secure the maintenance of thermal homeostasis. There are several findings suggesting a role of TRPV1 in thermoregulatory and metabolic functions. TRPV1 is a TRP channel that can be ...
... might be due to redundant peripheral and central sensory mechanisms that are inherent in the thermoregulatory system to secure the maintenance of thermal homeostasis. There are several findings suggesting a role of TRPV1 in thermoregulatory and metabolic functions. TRPV1 is a TRP channel that can be ...
Understanding Circuit Dynamics Using the Stomatogastric Nervous
... Recent years have seen a rebirth of interest in understanding how neural circuits generate behavior. Therefore, it is a particularly good time to review and critically examine what we know about the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS), one of the premier systems for analyzing how circuit dynamics a ...
... Recent years have seen a rebirth of interest in understanding how neural circuits generate behavior. Therefore, it is a particularly good time to review and critically examine what we know about the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS), one of the premier systems for analyzing how circuit dynamics a ...
Review Spectrin and calpain
... characteristic products of aII-spectrin degradation which are the effect of calpain-catalysed hydrolysis. The process is connected to synaptic changes that result in long-term potentiation and memory formation [39, 40]. By using the antibodies specific for degradation products, the calpain activity ...
... characteristic products of aII-spectrin degradation which are the effect of calpain-catalysed hydrolysis. The process is connected to synaptic changes that result in long-term potentiation and memory formation [39, 40]. By using the antibodies specific for degradation products, the calpain activity ...
Review International Journal of Integrative Biology Reticular
... material, anatomists have been able to identify more than 40 nuclei, although their borders are often poorly defined. However, as in many other parts of the brain, modern tracer methods and transmitter-specific techniques have revealed the existence of chemically specific cell groups and anatomic sy ...
... material, anatomists have been able to identify more than 40 nuclei, although their borders are often poorly defined. However, as in many other parts of the brain, modern tracer methods and transmitter-specific techniques have revealed the existence of chemically specific cell groups and anatomic sy ...
Connectome
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.