Hikosaka O - lsr
... REVIEWS In this Review, I first discuss the various processes in which the habenula seems to be involved. Second, I show that the role of the habenula in these processes is characterized by a common theme, namely motor suppression (FIG. 2). Finally, I propose a common neural mechanism that may unde ...
... REVIEWS In this Review, I first discuss the various processes in which the habenula seems to be involved. Second, I show that the role of the habenula in these processes is characterized by a common theme, namely motor suppression (FIG. 2). Finally, I propose a common neural mechanism that may unde ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... Among the multiple projections from orexin neurons, dense innervations to the DR, LC, and TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and ...
... Among the multiple projections from orexin neurons, dense innervations to the DR, LC, and TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and ...
The Matrix Protein Hikaru genki Localizes to Cholinergic Synaptic
... al., 2010). In most microglomeruli, a discrete pattern of Hig staining was observed in the surrounding regions of ChATpositive projection neuron axon terminals (Fig. 1I). These immunohistochemical data from antennal lobe, MB, and other brain regions, including the optic lobes (see Fig. 3 A, B), indi ...
... al., 2010). In most microglomeruli, a discrete pattern of Hig staining was observed in the surrounding regions of ChATpositive projection neuron axon terminals (Fig. 1I). These immunohistochemical data from antennal lobe, MB, and other brain regions, including the optic lobes (see Fig. 3 A, B), indi ...
L1CAM/Neuroglian controls the axon–axon interactions establishing
... Figure 1. Extra- and intracellular Nrg domains contribute to MB axon guidance. (A) Schematic drawings of MB development. Side views of MB axon projections and cross-sections of the pedunculus are shown: (gray), ’’ (magenta), and (green). (B–D) Frontal projections of posterior (top) and anter ...
... Figure 1. Extra- and intracellular Nrg domains contribute to MB axon guidance. (A) Schematic drawings of MB development. Side views of MB axon projections and cross-sections of the pedunculus are shown: (gray), ’’ (magenta), and (green). (B–D) Frontal projections of posterior (top) and anter ...
Comprehensive Review of Golgi Staining Methods for Nervous Tissue
... morphological studies because there are countless proteins that cannot be targeted with specific antibodies. Second, there is a limitation to immunostaining if the specimen is a human brain tissue because in such specimens, protein denaturation inevitably occurs, decreasing the specific labeling of ...
... morphological studies because there are countless proteins that cannot be targeted with specific antibodies. Second, there is a limitation to immunostaining if the specimen is a human brain tissue because in such specimens, protein denaturation inevitably occurs, decreasing the specific labeling of ...
The mirror neuron system and its role in learning Master`s thesis by
... Since their discovery in monkeys some seventeen years ago, mirror neurons have been the focus of an extensive debate. These neurons are active both when a monkey observes an action and when it executes the same action. Clustered in the ventral premotor cortex and inferior parietal lobule, these area ...
... Since their discovery in monkeys some seventeen years ago, mirror neurons have been the focus of an extensive debate. These neurons are active both when a monkey observes an action and when it executes the same action. Clustered in the ventral premotor cortex and inferior parietal lobule, these area ...
Simulating Populations of Neurons - Leeds VLE
... understand the more we come to realise the magnitude of this undertaking. As there are billions of neurons separated by different classes with even more connections of differing types, a top down approach has to be taken. We can only begin to try to replicate processes once the architecture of the b ...
... understand the more we come to realise the magnitude of this undertaking. As there are billions of neurons separated by different classes with even more connections of differing types, a top down approach has to be taken. We can only begin to try to replicate processes once the architecture of the b ...
NIH Public Access
... Despite the compelling empirical support for this model of PTSD pathophysiology, there are strong reasons to seek additional corroborative evidence. Whereas conditioned fear can be measured across species with relatively simple autonomic or behavioral responses that may even occur non-consciously in ...
... Despite the compelling empirical support for this model of PTSD pathophysiology, there are strong reasons to seek additional corroborative evidence. Whereas conditioned fear can be measured across species with relatively simple autonomic or behavioral responses that may even occur non-consciously in ...
The neurobiology of Meditation and its clinical effectiveness in
... achieved in patients with asthma and hypertension after 4 weeks of Meditation training, which furthermore were related to the significant reduction of asthma attacks (Chugh, 1997; Manocha et al., 2002). Studies using other Meditation techniques such as mindful or Buddhist Meditation have reported sim ...
... achieved in patients with asthma and hypertension after 4 weeks of Meditation training, which furthermore were related to the significant reduction of asthma attacks (Chugh, 1997; Manocha et al., 2002). Studies using other Meditation techniques such as mindful or Buddhist Meditation have reported sim ...
computational modeling of observational learning - FORTH-ICS
... underpinnings of this process, by discovering that the network of brain regions that is used for action execution overlaps extensively with the one used for action observation (Raos et al., 2004; Raos et al., 2007; Evangeliou et al., 2008; Kilintari et al., 2010). Inspired from this finding, in ...
... underpinnings of this process, by discovering that the network of brain regions that is used for action execution overlaps extensively with the one used for action observation (Raos et al., 2004; Raos et al., 2007; Evangeliou et al., 2008; Kilintari et al., 2010). Inspired from this finding, in ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex that were activated by odors. A ventral frontal region has been implicated in olfactory processing in humans (Jones-Gotman and Zatorre, 1988; Zatorre and Jones-Gotman, 1991; Zatorre et al., 1992). Rolls and colleagues have analyzed the rules by which orbit ...
... neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex that were activated by odors. A ventral frontal region has been implicated in olfactory processing in humans (Jones-Gotman and Zatorre, 1988; Zatorre and Jones-Gotman, 1991; Zatorre et al., 1992). Rolls and colleagues have analyzed the rules by which orbit ...
PATHWAYS FOR EMOTION : INTERACTIONS OF PREFRONTAL AND THE RHESUS MONKEY
... AV and AT, Table 1). We then made direct comparisons in two cases after injections of distinct £uorescent tracers in both orbitofrontal and temporal areas (cases BA and BC). This method allowed simultaneous visualization of the populations of neurons in the amygdala projecting to temporal and orbito ...
... AV and AT, Table 1). We then made direct comparisons in two cases after injections of distinct £uorescent tracers in both orbitofrontal and temporal areas (cases BA and BC). This method allowed simultaneous visualization of the populations of neurons in the amygdala projecting to temporal and orbito ...
Folie 1
... (comparison MLPs – classical symbol-manipulation) – MLPs are just an abstraction – no need to model newest detailed biological knowledge – even if not everything is biological plausible, still MLPs are more likely ...
... (comparison MLPs – classical symbol-manipulation) – MLPs are just an abstraction – no need to model newest detailed biological knowledge – even if not everything is biological plausible, still MLPs are more likely ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
... provide anatomical evidence that a subset of Clarke’s column dSC neurons in receipt of proprioceptive sensory input are also contacted by the terminals of corticospinal neurons. To assess the function of these corticospinal inputs, we analyzed the response of fluorogold-labeled Clarke’s column dSC n ...
... provide anatomical evidence that a subset of Clarke’s column dSC neurons in receipt of proprioceptive sensory input are also contacted by the terminals of corticospinal neurons. To assess the function of these corticospinal inputs, we analyzed the response of fluorogold-labeled Clarke’s column dSC n ...
A dendritic disinhibitory circuit mechanism for pathway
... receive converging inputs from both auditory and visual pathways. Opening the gate for the visual pathway while closing the gate for the auditory pathway allows you to focus on reading (Fig. 1b). In the classic Stroop task, the subject is shown a coloured word, and is asked to either name the colour ...
... receive converging inputs from both auditory and visual pathways. Opening the gate for the visual pathway while closing the gate for the auditory pathway allows you to focus on reading (Fig. 1b). In the classic Stroop task, the subject is shown a coloured word, and is asked to either name the colour ...
Neurally Plausible Model of Robot Reaching Inspired by Infant
... inputs during our weekly meetings. I appreciate that he would always answer my questions and correct my mistakes without judgment. Also, I would like to thank the members of my Ph.D. committee, Dr. Daniela Corbetta, Dr. James Plank and Dr. Lynne Parker, for their valuable and constructive feedback o ...
... inputs during our weekly meetings. I appreciate that he would always answer my questions and correct my mistakes without judgment. Also, I would like to thank the members of my Ph.D. committee, Dr. Daniela Corbetta, Dr. James Plank and Dr. Lynne Parker, for their valuable and constructive feedback o ...
Differential Spatial Organization of Otolith Signals in Frog Vestibular
... and mammals may provide a test case for examining the determinants of central vestibular organization. Although utricular function seems roughly comparable between these groups, lagenar and saccular functions diverge significantly in ways that should be reflected in both afferent projections and cen ...
... and mammals may provide a test case for examining the determinants of central vestibular organization. Although utricular function seems roughly comparable between these groups, lagenar and saccular functions diverge significantly in ways that should be reflected in both afferent projections and cen ...
Free recall and recognition in a network model of the... simulating effects of scopolamine on human memory function
... ideas in isolation, but combines the functions of different regions into a detailed, self-regulated model including three subregions of the hippocampus along with the adjacent entorhinal cortex. Simulations of the full hippocampal network have been published [75], but those did not address specific ...
... ideas in isolation, but combines the functions of different regions into a detailed, self-regulated model including three subregions of the hippocampus along with the adjacent entorhinal cortex. Simulations of the full hippocampal network have been published [75], but those did not address specific ...
Article - Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
... specification during early telencephalic development (Guillemot et al., 2006), only a few genes have been shown to play a layer-specific role in the differentiation of neocortical neurons. Examples include Tbr1, whose loss affects SP formation and corticothalamic connectivity, and Otx1, which plays ...
... specification during early telencephalic development (Guillemot et al., 2006), only a few genes have been shown to play a layer-specific role in the differentiation of neocortical neurons. Examples include Tbr1, whose loss affects SP formation and corticothalamic connectivity, and Otx1, which plays ...
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... of rat posterior auditory field (PAF) neurons, we compared neurophysiological responses to simple tones, frequency modulated (FM) sweeps, and amplitude modulated noise and tones with responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons. PAF neurons have excitatory receptive fields that are on average 6 ...
... of rat posterior auditory field (PAF) neurons, we compared neurophysiological responses to simple tones, frequency modulated (FM) sweeps, and amplitude modulated noise and tones with responses of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons. PAF neurons have excitatory receptive fields that are on average 6 ...
Dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum form an
... the position of each labeled cell body. Therefore, we only needed to image with sufficient resolution to distinguish every cell body throughout the brain (Figure 2C). This resulted in ~2Tb of image data from each brain, allowing us to image many brains, whereas imaging with even 2x higher magnificat ...
... the position of each labeled cell body. Therefore, we only needed to image with sufficient resolution to distinguish every cell body throughout the brain (Figure 2C). This resulted in ~2Tb of image data from each brain, allowing us to image many brains, whereas imaging with even 2x higher magnificat ...
Reticular Formation
... Simultaneously recorded surface EEG, EEG 1.2 mm into the cortex in a lightly anesthetized cat. Stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) at 300 Hz at the bar produced an alerting response. (Reproduced, with permission, from Steriade M, Amzica F, Contreras D: Synchronization of fast (30– ...
... Simultaneously recorded surface EEG, EEG 1.2 mm into the cortex in a lightly anesthetized cat. Stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) at 300 Hz at the bar produced an alerting response. (Reproduced, with permission, from Steriade M, Amzica F, Contreras D: Synchronization of fast (30– ...
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... identification of multiple auditory cortical fields in most mammals studied. The number of fields identified ranges from 1 (in marsupials) to over 12 (in primates). In cats, a single primary auditory field (AI) is surrounded by several nonprimary auditory fields. In monkeys two or three primary fiel ...
... identification of multiple auditory cortical fields in most mammals studied. The number of fields identified ranges from 1 (in marsupials) to over 12 (in primates). In cats, a single primary auditory field (AI) is surrounded by several nonprimary auditory fields. In monkeys two or three primary fiel ...
Layer II/III of the Prefrontal Cortex: Inhibition by the Serotonin
... Using whole cell recordings in brain slices of the rat medial prefrontal cortex, we observed that serotonin directly inhibits layer II/III pyramidal neurons through 5-HT1A receptors across postnatal development (postnatal days 6 –96). In adulthood, a sex difference in these currents emerges, consist ...
... Using whole cell recordings in brain slices of the rat medial prefrontal cortex, we observed that serotonin directly inhibits layer II/III pyramidal neurons through 5-HT1A receptors across postnatal development (postnatal days 6 –96). In adulthood, a sex difference in these currents emerges, consist ...
Gustatory Processing in Drosophila Higher Brain Centers By
... deranged (mbd) (Heisenberg et al., 1985). Additionally, many of the genes identified in the mutant studies showed preferential expression in the MB, providing further evidence that the MB plays an important role in learning and memory (Nighorn et al., 1991). More recently, thanks to the development ...
... deranged (mbd) (Heisenberg et al., 1985). Additionally, many of the genes identified in the mutant studies showed preferential expression in the MB, providing further evidence that the MB plays an important role in learning and memory (Nighorn et al., 1991). More recently, thanks to the development ...
Connectome
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.