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Emo7onal decision‐making systems and their role in addic7on
... 4. The notions of pleasure and dopamine: The evidence that blockade of dopamine nerotransmission in the ncleus accumbens interfered with the motivation to seek rewards prompted Wise (1982) to propose the “anhedonia” hypothesis, that dopamine mediates the pleasure produced by food, sex, or drugs ...
... 4. The notions of pleasure and dopamine: The evidence that blockade of dopamine nerotransmission in the ncleus accumbens interfered with the motivation to seek rewards prompted Wise (1982) to propose the “anhedonia” hypothesis, that dopamine mediates the pleasure produced by food, sex, or drugs ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... extrathalamic route and relay to the cortex must exist. With the development of increasingly sensitive biochemical, histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques in combination with tracing studies confirmed the presence of several extrathalamic corticopetal pathways that may participate in regula ...
... extrathalamic route and relay to the cortex must exist. With the development of increasingly sensitive biochemical, histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques in combination with tracing studies confirmed the presence of several extrathalamic corticopetal pathways that may participate in regula ...
NEURAL NETWORK DYNAMICS
... input. In mathematical terms, we need to understand how a system can reconcile a rich internal state structure with a high degree of sensitivity to external variables. This problem is far from solved, but here we review progress that has been made in recent years. Rather than surveying a large numbe ...
... input. In mathematical terms, we need to understand how a system can reconcile a rich internal state structure with a high degree of sensitivity to external variables. This problem is far from solved, but here we review progress that has been made in recent years. Rather than surveying a large numbe ...
remembering familiar people: the posterior cingulate cortex and
... AbstractöMost functional imaging studies of memory retrieval investigate memory for standardized laboratory stimuli. However, naturally acquired autobiographical memories di¡er from memories of standardized stimuli in important ways. Neuroimaging studies of natural memories may reveal distinctive pa ...
... AbstractöMost functional imaging studies of memory retrieval investigate memory for standardized laboratory stimuli. However, naturally acquired autobiographical memories di¡er from memories of standardized stimuli in important ways. Neuroimaging studies of natural memories may reveal distinctive pa ...
Neurodevelopmental mechanisms of schizophrenia: understanding
... studies have revealed that both NRG1 and DISC1 are multifunctional in nature, with key roles during neurodevelopment [12–14]. Therefore, systematic studies of these factors from the time of the initial risks in early development to disease onset after puberty is likely to open a window on a mechanis ...
... studies have revealed that both NRG1 and DISC1 are multifunctional in nature, with key roles during neurodevelopment [12–14]. Therefore, systematic studies of these factors from the time of the initial risks in early development to disease onset after puberty is likely to open a window on a mechanis ...
Wang et al 2photon calcium imaging of odor in fly brain cell 2003
... to be a functional unit. No partial activity is observed in subcompartments of the glomerular structure. Thus, these imaging results demonstrate that each odorant activates a sparse, conserved set of glomeruli that confers a signature for each odor in the brain. Quantitating the Glomerular Response ...
... to be a functional unit. No partial activity is observed in subcompartments of the glomerular structure. Thus, these imaging results demonstrate that each odorant activates a sparse, conserved set of glomeruli that confers a signature for each odor in the brain. Quantitating the Glomerular Response ...
Behavioral consequences of abnormal cortical development
... developmental disorders. However, the precise relationship between developmental insults and behavioral abnormalities is not fully understood. Do abnormalities in cortical architecture and connectivity, in fact, cause behavioral abnormalities? To best answer this question, it is necessary to explore ...
... developmental disorders. However, the precise relationship between developmental insults and behavioral abnormalities is not fully understood. Do abnormalities in cortical architecture and connectivity, in fact, cause behavioral abnormalities? To best answer this question, it is necessary to explore ...
Nancy A. O`Rourke Nicholas C. Weiler Kristina D
... identified 60 highly enriched proteins, some of which were not seen in heterogenous synapse purifications and may be specific to this synapse type 12. Future studies such as this will greatly contribute to a better understanding of synaptic diversity. Multiple lines of evidence from genomic, immunoh ...
... identified 60 highly enriched proteins, some of which were not seen in heterogenous synapse purifications and may be specific to this synapse type 12. Future studies such as this will greatly contribute to a better understanding of synaptic diversity. Multiple lines of evidence from genomic, immunoh ...
Rewardcircuit - URMC - University of Rochester
... neuroimaging techniques allow better spatial and temporal resolution. These studies now demonstrate that human functional and structural imaging results map increasingly close to primate anatomy. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews advance online publication, 7 October 2009; doi:10.1038/npp.2009.129 Key ...
... neuroimaging techniques allow better spatial and temporal resolution. These studies now demonstrate that human functional and structural imaging results map increasingly close to primate anatomy. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews advance online publication, 7 October 2009; doi:10.1038/npp.2009.129 Key ...
FROM MOTIVATION TO ACTION - The University of Texas at Dallas
... as the brain stem and spinal cord, in a system of feedforward and feedback information processing. Considered from the functional point of view, the motor system is organized in a hierarchical manner, with increasing complexity of integration up the neuraxis (Bernstein, 1967; Allen and Tsukahara, 19 ...
... as the brain stem and spinal cord, in a system of feedforward and feedback information processing. Considered from the functional point of view, the motor system is organized in a hierarchical manner, with increasing complexity of integration up the neuraxis (Bernstein, 1967; Allen and Tsukahara, 19 ...
Mechanisms of response homeostasis during retinocollicular map
... This report was presented at The Journal of Physiology Symposium on Retinal ganglion cells in model organisms: development, function and disease, which took place in Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA, 26 April 2008. It was commissioned by the Editorial Board and reflects the views of the ...
... This report was presented at The Journal of Physiology Symposium on Retinal ganglion cells in model organisms: development, function and disease, which took place in Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA, 26 April 2008. It was commissioned by the Editorial Board and reflects the views of the ...
Organization of the Macaque Extrastriate Visual Cortex Re
... function. J Neurophysiol 105: 305–320, 2011. First published November 10, 2010; doi:10.1152/jn.00795.2010. How is the macaque monkey extrastriate cortex organized? Is vision divisible into separate tasks, such as object recognition and spatial processing, each emphasized in a different anatomical st ...
... function. J Neurophysiol 105: 305–320, 2011. First published November 10, 2010; doi:10.1152/jn.00795.2010. How is the macaque monkey extrastriate cortex organized? Is vision divisible into separate tasks, such as object recognition and spatial processing, each emphasized in a different anatomical st ...
Towards Detection of Brain Tumor in Electroencephalogram
... B. Objective of Our Research In our paper, we present an efficient classification system to detect EEG signals that possess probable cases of brain tumor. The classification technique employed is based on the theory of support vector machines (SVMs). Here, we describe SVMs that use different similar ...
... B. Objective of Our Research In our paper, we present an efficient classification system to detect EEG signals that possess probable cases of brain tumor. The classification technique employed is based on the theory of support vector machines (SVMs). Here, we describe SVMs that use different similar ...
Calcium Binding Protein-Like lmmunoreactivity Labels the Terminal
... immunoreactivity will be useful in delineating numerous tracts and nuclei of the owl's brain, we shall restrict our analysis and description to a particular type of immunoreactive staining found in the auditory system. This staining, which is found within a subdivision of the !Cc (Fig. 2), in the VL ...
... immunoreactivity will be useful in delineating numerous tracts and nuclei of the owl's brain, we shall restrict our analysis and description to a particular type of immunoreactive staining found in the auditory system. This staining, which is found within a subdivision of the !Cc (Fig. 2), in the VL ...
PDF - Center for Neural Science
... Compte, & Wang, 2002). The key feature is the preeminence of recurrent connections (“loops”) between neurons, so that a cell receives not only external stimulation (via afferents from upstream neurons) but also inputs from other cells within the same microcircuit (via “horizontal” connections). A co ...
... Compte, & Wang, 2002). The key feature is the preeminence of recurrent connections (“loops”) between neurons, so that a cell receives not only external stimulation (via afferents from upstream neurons) but also inputs from other cells within the same microcircuit (via “horizontal” connections). A co ...
Chronic Administration of Statins Alters Multiple Gene Expression
... acid transporter-2, and this transporter family has been recently shown to transport the acid form of lovastatin into glomerular mesangial cells (Nagasawa et al., 2002). Of the 15 genes whose expression was changed by each of the three statins, only Fin15 listed under cell growth showed a decrease i ...
... acid transporter-2, and this transporter family has been recently shown to transport the acid form of lovastatin into glomerular mesangial cells (Nagasawa et al., 2002). Of the 15 genes whose expression was changed by each of the three statins, only Fin15 listed under cell growth showed a decrease i ...
Specialization within the ventral stream: The case for the visual word
... The efficiency of reading in literate adults rests on the ability to quickly identify visual words across large variations of irrelevant parameters such as position, size, color, font, or case. This perceptual expertise requires no less than five years of academic training in a specific writing syst ...
... The efficiency of reading in literate adults rests on the ability to quickly identify visual words across large variations of irrelevant parameters such as position, size, color, font, or case. This perceptual expertise requires no less than five years of academic training in a specific writing syst ...
Functional Organization of the Cat Visual Cortex in Relation to the
... examine responses to uniform plane stimuli, differential optical images were computed by dividing images obtained during presentation of the uniform plane by images obtained during presentation of the checkerboard pattern, gratings, or a blank gray screen. Optical images obtained during presentation ...
... examine responses to uniform plane stimuli, differential optical images were computed by dividing images obtained during presentation of the uniform plane by images obtained during presentation of the checkerboard pattern, gratings, or a blank gray screen. Optical images obtained during presentation ...
Modelling fast stimulus-response association learning along the
... However, when multiple intermediate relays are involved, most neurons lack either pre-synaptic activity or postsynaptic activity or both. How to create drivers for associative learning in these so-called “hidden” neurons has been addressed in the work by Garagnani et al. (2009) through white noise c ...
... However, when multiple intermediate relays are involved, most neurons lack either pre-synaptic activity or postsynaptic activity or both. How to create drivers for associative learning in these so-called “hidden” neurons has been addressed in the work by Garagnani et al. (2009) through white noise c ...
Neural Interaction in Cat Primary Auditory Cortex. Dependence on
... code for stimulus-induced changes, a code that may provide better discrimination than the firing rate of the individual units of the neuron pair. The monograph by Abeles ( 1982) in addition stressed the statistical nature of the cortex with its weak interactions but with occasional signs of strong s ...
... code for stimulus-induced changes, a code that may provide better discrimination than the firing rate of the individual units of the neuron pair. The monograph by Abeles ( 1982) in addition stressed the statistical nature of the cortex with its weak interactions but with occasional signs of strong s ...
Text S1.
... 30% of the neurons (self-firing neurons) had Inoise (see Equation S1-1) with variance at a high enough level to initiate spikes [8,9], while the rest exhibited only subthreshold fluctuations. Different levels of the standard deviation of Inoise introduced to the self-firing neurons caused different ...
... 30% of the neurons (self-firing neurons) had Inoise (see Equation S1-1) with variance at a high enough level to initiate spikes [8,9], while the rest exhibited only subthreshold fluctuations. Different levels of the standard deviation of Inoise introduced to the self-firing neurons caused different ...
Early Microglial Activation Precedes Neuronal Loss in Mouse Model of Progressive
... Cstbj/j versus control mice (Fig. 2A). Cavalieri estimates of regional volumes revealed significant and progressive atrophy of the cerebellum of Cstbj/j mice from 2 months of age onward, reaching almost 50% reduction in cerebellar volume by the age of 6 months (Fig. 2B). No significant differences in ...
... Cstbj/j versus control mice (Fig. 2A). Cavalieri estimates of regional volumes revealed significant and progressive atrophy of the cerebellum of Cstbj/j mice from 2 months of age onward, reaching almost 50% reduction in cerebellar volume by the age of 6 months (Fig. 2B). No significant differences in ...
BDNF-modulated Spatial Organization of Cajal
... The present study utilizes nestin-BDNF transgenic mice, which offer a model for early increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling, to examine the role of BDNF in the development of cortical architecture. Our results demonstrate that the premature and homogeneous expression of BDNF, ...
... The present study utilizes nestin-BDNF transgenic mice, which offer a model for early increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling, to examine the role of BDNF in the development of cortical architecture. Our results demonstrate that the premature and homogeneous expression of BDNF, ...
Otx Genes and the Genetic Control of Brain
... developmental neurobiology. The cloning of genes likely to be involved in the organization of the brain and an analysis of their roles have revealed insights into the molecular pathways leading to neural induction, tissue specification, and regionalization of the brain. Among these genes, both Otx1 ...
... developmental neurobiology. The cloning of genes likely to be involved in the organization of the brain and an analysis of their roles have revealed insights into the molecular pathways leading to neural induction, tissue specification, and regionalization of the brain. Among these genes, both Otx1 ...
Organization of the Macaque Extrastriate Visual Cortex Re
... function. J Neurophysiol 105: 305–320, 2011. First published November 10, 2010; doi:10.1152/jn.00795.2010. How is the macaque monkey extrastriate cortex organized? Is vision divisible into separate tasks, such as object recognition and spatial processing, each emphasized in a different anatomical st ...
... function. J Neurophysiol 105: 305–320, 2011. First published November 10, 2010; doi:10.1152/jn.00795.2010. How is the macaque monkey extrastriate cortex organized? Is vision divisible into separate tasks, such as object recognition and spatial processing, each emphasized in a different anatomical st ...
Connectome
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/White_Matter_Connections_Obtained_with_MRI_Tractography.png?width=300)
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.