Goal-direction and top-down control
... computationally simple (and therefore fast) but it is inflexible because the learning is divorced from any change in the outcome. As detailed above, the impact DA has on learning in the BG may be optimized to learn associations in this way. If true, then this model suggests the initial learning of a ...
... computationally simple (and therefore fast) but it is inflexible because the learning is divorced from any change in the outcome. As detailed above, the impact DA has on learning in the BG may be optimized to learn associations in this way. If true, then this model suggests the initial learning of a ...
Anatomical and Neurochemical Definition of the Nucleus of the Stria
... detailed anatomical investigations describing the full extent of this nucleus, which probably explains the discrepancies in the nomenclature of this region across and within the avian species. Neurochemical markers provides a useful method to analyze homology between brain structures (Gahr, 1997). T ...
... detailed anatomical investigations describing the full extent of this nucleus, which probably explains the discrepancies in the nomenclature of this region across and within the avian species. Neurochemical markers provides a useful method to analyze homology between brain structures (Gahr, 1997). T ...
Table of Contents
... An area just forward of the primary motor cortex is where “mirror neurons” were first discovered accidentally in the mid-1990s. – May play a role in the acquisition of new motor skills, • the imitation of others, • the ability to feel empathy for others, • and dysfunctions in mirror neuron circuits ...
... An area just forward of the primary motor cortex is where “mirror neurons” were first discovered accidentally in the mid-1990s. – May play a role in the acquisition of new motor skills, • the imitation of others, • the ability to feel empathy for others, • and dysfunctions in mirror neuron circuits ...
- Reppert Lab
... The central complex is present in all insects examined and is characterized by its regular, almost crystalline appearance, owing to its repetitive composition of layers and columns. It is one of the highest centers for sensory integration, and it is also involved in motor control (Strauss, 2002; Hom ...
... The central complex is present in all insects examined and is characterized by its regular, almost crystalline appearance, owing to its repetitive composition of layers and columns. It is one of the highest centers for sensory integration, and it is also involved in motor control (Strauss, 2002; Hom ...
Histamine neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus: a whole center
... of the posterior hypothalamus, to innervate almost all central nervous system (CNS) regions. This feature, a compact cell group with widely distributed fibers, resembles that of other amine systems, such as noradrenaline or serotonin, and is consistent with a function for histamine over a host of ph ...
... of the posterior hypothalamus, to innervate almost all central nervous system (CNS) regions. This feature, a compact cell group with widely distributed fibers, resembles that of other amine systems, such as noradrenaline or serotonin, and is consistent with a function for histamine over a host of ph ...
Cortex, Cognition and the Cell: New Insights into the Pyramidal
... the Soul, Francis Crick refined the view that these qualities are determined solely by cortical cells and circuitry. Put simply, cognition is nothing more, or less, than a biological function. Accepting this to be the case, it should be possible to identify the mechanisms that subserve cognitive pro ...
... the Soul, Francis Crick refined the view that these qualities are determined solely by cortical cells and circuitry. Put simply, cognition is nothing more, or less, than a biological function. Accepting this to be the case, it should be possible to identify the mechanisms that subserve cognitive pro ...
Paraneoplastic Antigen-Like 5 Gene (PNMA5) Is
... 1987), and memory processes (Van Hoesen 1982). These structures influence perception, cognition, or behavior in part through their strong connections with the frontal lobe (Bignall and Imbert 1969; Milner and Petrides 1984; Goldman-Rakic 1988; Pandya and Yeterian 1990). Because of such divergence of ...
... 1987), and memory processes (Van Hoesen 1982). These structures influence perception, cognition, or behavior in part through their strong connections with the frontal lobe (Bignall and Imbert 1969; Milner and Petrides 1984; Goldman-Rakic 1988; Pandya and Yeterian 1990). Because of such divergence of ...
the anatomy and neurosecretory system of the
... stages in the evolution of mushroom bodies can be found in various species. Clark identifies three types of ganglion cell within the brain of Nephtys: ...
... stages in the evolution of mushroom bodies can be found in various species. Clark identifies three types of ganglion cell within the brain of Nephtys: ...
chapter one
... to resemble the neuron with multiple inputs and a single output. However, this similarity does not really begin to model the complex electrochemical processes that actually go on inside a neuron. The perceptron is a very simple mathematical representation of the neuron. ...
... to resemble the neuron with multiple inputs and a single output. However, this similarity does not really begin to model the complex electrochemical processes that actually go on inside a neuron. The perceptron is a very simple mathematical representation of the neuron. ...
lmmunocytochemical Mapping of 18236, A Brain
... sequence, and the amino acid sequence deduced from it corresponds to the carboxy-terminal half of the protein. In “Northern” blotting analyses, 1 B236 mRNA is found to be unequally distributed in the adult rat brain, with an abundarice roughly following a caudalto-rostra1 gradient in macroregional d ...
... sequence, and the amino acid sequence deduced from it corresponds to the carboxy-terminal half of the protein. In “Northern” blotting analyses, 1 B236 mRNA is found to be unequally distributed in the adult rat brain, with an abundarice roughly following a caudalto-rostra1 gradient in macroregional d ...
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Decision Making: A Review
... some degree of flexibility to be useful in a changing environment. Despite this daunting complexity, recent work using a variety of methods has begun to elucidate the component processes underlying decision making and to localize these processes in the human brain. This is a new focus for cognitive ...
... some degree of flexibility to be useful in a changing environment. Despite this daunting complexity, recent work using a variety of methods has begun to elucidate the component processes underlying decision making and to localize these processes in the human brain. This is a new focus for cognitive ...
Cortex - Anatomy and Physiology
... • Thin (2–4 mm) superficial layer of gray matter • 40% mass of brain • Site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding ...
... • Thin (2–4 mm) superficial layer of gray matter • 40% mass of brain • Site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding ...
video slide - Course Notes
... Overview: Command and Control Center • The circuits in the brain are more complex than the most powerful computers. • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to construct a 3-D map of brain activity. • The vertebrate brain is organized into regions with different functions. ...
... Overview: Command and Control Center • The circuits in the brain are more complex than the most powerful computers. • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to construct a 3-D map of brain activity. • The vertebrate brain is organized into regions with different functions. ...
Social perception from visual cues: role of the STS region
... individuals. Single-cell recordings in monkeys, and neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies in humans, reveal that cerebral cortex in and near the superior temporal sulcus (STS) region is an important component of this perceptual system. In monkeys and humans, the STS region is activated by move ...
... individuals. Single-cell recordings in monkeys, and neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies in humans, reveal that cerebral cortex in and near the superior temporal sulcus (STS) region is an important component of this perceptual system. In monkeys and humans, the STS region is activated by move ...
Assessing facial attractiveness: individual decisions and
... button on the response grip when they saw a scrambled non-face image. In this manner, it was also possible to decrease movement artifacts during the presentation of opposite-sex faces (see the ‘‘Methods’’ section). As in the recent research cited in this section, we used a paradigm that differs from ...
... button on the response grip when they saw a scrambled non-face image. In this manner, it was also possible to decrease movement artifacts during the presentation of opposite-sex faces (see the ‘‘Methods’’ section). As in the recent research cited in this section, we used a paradigm that differs from ...
Review of "Evolution of the Brain: Creation of the Self" by John Eccles
... (HS). The second story starts after the first ends, that is, after the brain of HS had arrived; it's the story of how we became - to use Eccles' phrase - human persons: incorporeal creatures able to control, and have experience through, human bodies. The first story is in many ways told from the poi ...
... (HS). The second story starts after the first ends, that is, after the brain of HS had arrived; it's the story of how we became - to use Eccles' phrase - human persons: incorporeal creatures able to control, and have experience through, human bodies. The first story is in many ways told from the poi ...
MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR IN LACTATING RATS STIMULATES c
... AbstractÐIncreased activity of the immediate-early gene c-fos can be observed in many areas of the lactating rat brain after dams physically interact with pups and display maternal behaviour. These sites include the medial preoptic area, ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the ventrolat ...
... AbstractÐIncreased activity of the immediate-early gene c-fos can be observed in many areas of the lactating rat brain after dams physically interact with pups and display maternal behaviour. These sites include the medial preoptic area, ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the ventrolat ...
Eye movement control by the cerebral cortex
... cortex was recently reviewed [32]. The memory-guided saccade paradigm is commonly used to study this function with eye movements. In this paradigm, the participant has to memorize the location of a target flashed in the peripheral visual field while fixating a central point, and then, after a delay of ...
... cortex was recently reviewed [32]. The memory-guided saccade paradigm is commonly used to study this function with eye movements. In this paradigm, the participant has to memorize the location of a target flashed in the peripheral visual field while fixating a central point, and then, after a delay of ...
The affective and cognitive processing of touch, oral texture, and
... A principle thus appears to be that processing related to the affective value and associated subjective emotional experience of somatosensory and thermal stimuli that are important for survival is performed in different brain areas to those where activations are related to sensory properties of the ...
... A principle thus appears to be that processing related to the affective value and associated subjective emotional experience of somatosensory and thermal stimuli that are important for survival is performed in different brain areas to those where activations are related to sensory properties of the ...
Computational physics: Neural networks
... distributed computing in the brain. The neuron is the central computing element of the brain which performs a non-linear input to output mapping between its synaptic inputs and its spiky output. The neurons are connected by synaptic junctions, thus forming a neural network. A central question is how ...
... distributed computing in the brain. The neuron is the central computing element of the brain which performs a non-linear input to output mapping between its synaptic inputs and its spiky output. The neurons are connected by synaptic junctions, thus forming a neural network. A central question is how ...
Text S1.
... The probability of success for attempted polarization along curved lines was then used to predict the preference of axonal polarization along L1 in the presence of drugs inducing the specification of multiple axons. In the presence of cytochalasin D or taxol, after the differentiation of one axon, n ...
... The probability of success for attempted polarization along curved lines was then used to predict the preference of axonal polarization along L1 in the presence of drugs inducing the specification of multiple axons. In the presence of cytochalasin D or taxol, after the differentiation of one axon, n ...
Integrator or coincidence detector? The role of the cortical neuron
... on a millisecond timeintegration schemes. (A) Temporal integration of a train of excitatory PSPs by a simulated neuron. The excitatory PSPs scale, whereas temporal integration were simulated by an alpha function with a time constant of 15 ms. When the membrane potential (black) reaches allows for su ...
... on a millisecond timeintegration schemes. (A) Temporal integration of a train of excitatory PSPs by a simulated neuron. The excitatory PSPs scale, whereas temporal integration were simulated by an alpha function with a time constant of 15 ms. When the membrane potential (black) reaches allows for su ...
REVIEWS - Institute for Applied Psychometrics
... data10–12. However, recent advances that challenge the traditional pacemaker–accumulator model have come from studies that use various modern techniques, which range from drug microinjection and ensemble recording in genetically modified and wild-type rodents to functional MRI (fMRI) and positron em ...
... data10–12. However, recent advances that challenge the traditional pacemaker–accumulator model have come from studies that use various modern techniques, which range from drug microinjection and ensemble recording in genetically modified and wild-type rodents to functional MRI (fMRI) and positron em ...
Life: The Science of Biology, 8e
... Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms? Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex characterize stages of sleep ...
... Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms? Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex characterize stages of sleep ...
Interactions Between Premotor and Motor Cortices in Non
... of skilled prehension and manipulation of objects is characteristic of the human motor system and its engagement in creative activities such as art, sculpture and music making as well as in technological development, tool use and manufacture. The highly-cited review by Jeannerod and his colleagues ( ...
... of skilled prehension and manipulation of objects is characteristic of the human motor system and its engagement in creative activities such as art, sculpture and music making as well as in technological development, tool use and manufacture. The highly-cited review by Jeannerod and his colleagues ( ...
Connectome
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.