The Complicated Equation of Smell, Flavor, and Taste
... recruitment of brain regions needed to analyze what is in one’s mouth, resulting in a totally new experience. Chefs can only go so far because most tastes and smells have strong emotional (hedonic) components that may render some combinations repellent. Last year, my wife and I decided to eat at Cor ...
... recruitment of brain regions needed to analyze what is in one’s mouth, resulting in a totally new experience. Chefs can only go so far because most tastes and smells have strong emotional (hedonic) components that may render some combinations repellent. Last year, my wife and I decided to eat at Cor ...
Sonic Hedgehog Expression in Corticofugal Projection Neurons
... function where it is expressed in the ventral telencephalon and functions to maintain ventral identity through its regulation of expression of the transcription factor Nkx2.1 (Xu et al., 2010). Shh is also expressed in adult neural stem cell niches where it helps maintain adult neural stem cell iden ...
... function where it is expressed in the ventral telencephalon and functions to maintain ventral identity through its regulation of expression of the transcription factor Nkx2.1 (Xu et al., 2010). Shh is also expressed in adult neural stem cell niches where it helps maintain adult neural stem cell iden ...
The Complicated Equation of Smell, Flavor, and Taste
... The olfactory system in vertebrates has a unique embryology. It forms from 1) paired placodes made of non-neural epithelium that have the capacity to give rise to sensory neurons and supporting cells in the olfactory epithelium, and 2) neural crest cells that give origin to the structural elements o ...
... The olfactory system in vertebrates has a unique embryology. It forms from 1) paired placodes made of non-neural epithelium that have the capacity to give rise to sensory neurons and supporting cells in the olfactory epithelium, and 2) neural crest cells that give origin to the structural elements o ...
A framework for the first-person internal sensation of visual
... IVc. Other studies have also made similar findings of synapse formation with the spiny apical dendrites of the visual cortical layer IVc (Peters and Feldman 1977; Wilson et al. 1976). Golgi staining studies following enucleation or light deprivation showed degeneration of axonal terminals that dete ...
... IVc. Other studies have also made similar findings of synapse formation with the spiny apical dendrites of the visual cortical layer IVc (Peters and Feldman 1977; Wilson et al. 1976). Golgi staining studies following enucleation or light deprivation showed degeneration of axonal terminals that dete ...
Does the sound of a barking dog activate its corresponding visual
... Much remains to be learned about the neural architecture underlying word meaning. Fully distributed models of semantic memory predict that the sound of a barking dog will conjointly engage a network of distributed sensorimotor spokes. An alternative framework holds that modality-specific features ad ...
... Much remains to be learned about the neural architecture underlying word meaning. Fully distributed models of semantic memory predict that the sound of a barking dog will conjointly engage a network of distributed sensorimotor spokes. An alternative framework holds that modality-specific features ad ...
PDF
... Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers adequate spatial and temporal resolution to allow the identification of neural correlates of higher brain functions (Horwits et al., 2000). A prototypical cued response task called monetary incentive delay (MID) task was developed to elicit anticipat ...
... Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers adequate spatial and temporal resolution to allow the identification of neural correlates of higher brain functions (Horwits et al., 2000). A prototypical cued response task called monetary incentive delay (MID) task was developed to elicit anticipat ...
mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex
... firing rate and a single poor stimulus elicited a low firing rate, the response to the paired stimuli was reduced compared with that elicited by the single good stimulus. This result indicates that two stimuli present at the same time within a neuron’s RF are not processed independently, but rather ...
... firing rate and a single poor stimulus elicited a low firing rate, the response to the paired stimuli was reduced compared with that elicited by the single good stimulus. This result indicates that two stimuli present at the same time within a neuron’s RF are not processed independently, but rather ...
When Is an Adolescent an Adult? - Waisman Laboratory for Brain
... alpha of less than .01 to determine statistical significance. All analyses were performed on the data from the 110 subjects with usable imaging and behavioral data. We examined responses to the debriefing questions and the SCR data to assess the efficacy of our emotionalstate manipulation. A 1-Hz fi ...
... alpha of less than .01 to determine statistical significance. All analyses were performed on the data from the 110 subjects with usable imaging and behavioral data. We examined responses to the debriefing questions and the SCR data to assess the efficacy of our emotionalstate manipulation. A 1-Hz fi ...
No Slide Title
... Ray BS, Wolff HG. Experimental studies in headache: Painsensitive structures of the head and their significance in headache. Arch Surg. 1940;41:813-856. ...
... Ray BS, Wolff HG. Experimental studies in headache: Painsensitive structures of the head and their significance in headache. Arch Surg. 1940;41:813-856. ...
Full Text
... variable involvement of the white matter of the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. Subcortical U-fibers were generally spared, but in two patients there were scattered areas in which the white matter signal abnormality extended to the cortical margin, indicating partial involvement of U-fibers ...
... variable involvement of the white matter of the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. Subcortical U-fibers were generally spared, but in two patients there were scattered areas in which the white matter signal abnormality extended to the cortical margin, indicating partial involvement of U-fibers ...
Insular cortex – review
... important from the aspect of social interactions as well. That is because we recognize the same subjective feeling states we once experienced in others. It is a basis in applying empathy towards others and building strong intersocial connections inside a group 5. Social awareness end empathy are jus ...
... important from the aspect of social interactions as well. That is because we recognize the same subjective feeling states we once experienced in others. It is a basis in applying empathy towards others and building strong intersocial connections inside a group 5. Social awareness end empathy are jus ...
Lecture Chapter 2
... Neurons: Basic Cells of the Nervous System Synapses must be cleared, and cleared rapidly, before additional ...
... Neurons: Basic Cells of the Nervous System Synapses must be cleared, and cleared rapidly, before additional ...
Clinical Investigative Study Detectability of Neural Tracts and Nuclei
... layer and the deep layer of the transverse pontine fibers in the middle of the ventral part of the pons). The medial lemniscus (2) is observed as a blue transverse structure behind the deep layer of the transverse pontine fibers. The medial longitudinal fasciculi (3) are depicted in the form of invert ...
... layer and the deep layer of the transverse pontine fibers in the middle of the ventral part of the pons). The medial lemniscus (2) is observed as a blue transverse structure behind the deep layer of the transverse pontine fibers. The medial longitudinal fasciculi (3) are depicted in the form of invert ...
Cholinergic induction of network oscillations at 40 Hz in the
... exhibits network activity at 40 Hz during relevant behaviours6. Here we show that cholinergic activation is sufficient to induce 40Hz network oscillations7 in the hippocampus in vitro. Oscillatory activity is generated spontaneously in the CA3 subfield and can persist for hours. During the oscillato ...
... exhibits network activity at 40 Hz during relevant behaviours6. Here we show that cholinergic activation is sufficient to induce 40Hz network oscillations7 in the hippocampus in vitro. Oscillatory activity is generated spontaneously in the CA3 subfield and can persist for hours. During the oscillato ...
Genetic control of age-related gene expression and complex traits in
... peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. ...
... peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. ...
Ch. 14 CNS textbook
... the wider of the two grooves—a useful factor to remember when you examine spinal cord diagrams. It enables you to tell at a glance which part of the cord is anterior and which is posterior. Two bundles of nerve fibers called nerve roots project from each side of the spinal cord (see Figure 13-6). Fi ...
... the wider of the two grooves—a useful factor to remember when you examine spinal cord diagrams. It enables you to tell at a glance which part of the cord is anterior and which is posterior. Two bundles of nerve fibers called nerve roots project from each side of the spinal cord (see Figure 13-6). Fi ...
Are mesopontine cholinergic neurons either necessary or sufficient
... At the outset, it is important to define what is meant by the term ‘reticular activating system’. Over the years, the reticular activating system has variously been described as both conceptual heuristic and a bona fide anatomical entity. Moreover, a number of functions have fallen under the umbrell ...
... At the outset, it is important to define what is meant by the term ‘reticular activating system’. Over the years, the reticular activating system has variously been described as both conceptual heuristic and a bona fide anatomical entity. Moreover, a number of functions have fallen under the umbrell ...
An Intracranial EEG Study of the Neural Dynamics of Musical
... The fact that processing of consonant and dissonant musical chords recruits both the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex makes such stimuli relevant in addressing outstanding issues regarding the emotion cerebral network. A number of studies have reported on the latency of processing in the amygdala a ...
... The fact that processing of consonant and dissonant musical chords recruits both the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex makes such stimuli relevant in addressing outstanding issues regarding the emotion cerebral network. A number of studies have reported on the latency of processing in the amygdala a ...
Artificial neural networks and their application in biological and
... Earlier ANN models Each individual neuron in the nervous system works independently, but as part of a network it transmits information obtained from prior neurons to further ones. In the case of artificial neural networks, this means that a given neuron sums up input signals with appropriate weight ...
... Earlier ANN models Each individual neuron in the nervous system works independently, but as part of a network it transmits information obtained from prior neurons to further ones. In the case of artificial neural networks, this means that a given neuron sums up input signals with appropriate weight ...
view pdf - Columbia University
... Fig. 2 Lateral view of cleaned endocast. Arrows show locations of fracture zones, the middle one being that of a conical point. Gyri and sulci are approximate only. P.T., pars triangularis; C, coronal suture; S.F., sylviaii fissure, C.S., central sulcus; S.Q.. squamous suture; S.T., superior tempora ...
... Fig. 2 Lateral view of cleaned endocast. Arrows show locations of fracture zones, the middle one being that of a conical point. Gyri and sulci are approximate only. P.T., pars triangularis; C, coronal suture; S.F., sylviaii fissure, C.S., central sulcus; S.Q.. squamous suture; S.T., superior tempora ...
Biological Bases of Bx Test
... ____ 26. The thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebrum is called the a. cerebellum. b. corpus callosum. c. reticular formation. d. cerebral cortex. e. sensory cortex. ____ 27. Your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity depends primarily on the normal ...
... ____ 26. The thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebrum is called the a. cerebellum. b. corpus callosum. c. reticular formation. d. cerebral cortex. e. sensory cortex. ____ 27. Your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity depends primarily on the normal ...
PDF
... INTRODUCTION The cytoarchitecture of the mammalian cortex is formed during embryonic and postnatal development through the synchronization of progenitor proliferation and specification, neuronal differentiation and neuronal migration (reviewed by Shoemaker and Arlotta, 2010; Molyneaux et al., 2007; ...
... INTRODUCTION The cytoarchitecture of the mammalian cortex is formed during embryonic and postnatal development through the synchronization of progenitor proliferation and specification, neuronal differentiation and neuronal migration (reviewed by Shoemaker and Arlotta, 2010; Molyneaux et al., 2007; ...
An ancestral axial twist explains the contralateral forebrain and the
... in lateral eyed species. There is no evidence for this. The corpus callosum, which Ramón y Cajal thought to fulfil this function, only evolved in mammals. In other vertebrates the cortical hemispheres are connected only by the relatively small anterior commissure. At the level of the sensorimotor r ...
... in lateral eyed species. There is no evidence for this. The corpus callosum, which Ramón y Cajal thought to fulfil this function, only evolved in mammals. In other vertebrates the cortical hemispheres are connected only by the relatively small anterior commissure. At the level of the sensorimotor r ...
Module 3 and 4 Practice Test
... b. delayed by the refractory period. c. an all-or-none response. d. dependent on neurotransmitter molecules. e. primarily electrical rather than chemical. ____ ...
... b. delayed by the refractory period. c. an all-or-none response. d. dependent on neurotransmitter molecules. e. primarily electrical rather than chemical. ____ ...
In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Techniques to Study Neuronal Migration
... Brain Sci. 2017, 7, 48; doi:10.3390/brainsci7050048 ...
... Brain Sci. 2017, 7, 48; doi:10.3390/brainsci7050048 ...
Connectome
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its ""wiring diagram"". More broadly, a connectome would include the mapping of all neural connections within an organism's nervous system.The production and study of connectomes, known as connectomics, may range in scale from a detailed map of the full set of neurons and synapses within part or all of the nervous system of an organism to a macro scale description of the functional and structural connectivity between all cortical areas and subcortical structures. The term ""connectome"" is used primarily in scientific efforts to capture, map, and understand the organization of neural interactions within the brain.Research has successfully constructed the full connectome of one animal: the roundworm C. elegans (White et al., 1986, Varshney et al., 2011). Partial connectomes of a mouse retina and mouse primary visual cortex have also been successfully constructed. Bock et al.'s complete 12TB data set is publicly available at Open Connectome Project.The ultimate goal of connectomics is to map the human brain. This effort is pursued by the Human Connectome Project, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, whose focus is to build a network map of the human brain in healthy, living adults.